In fact, the number of isoflavones present was very variable among the different soy food types. ; WritingOriginal Draft Preparation, S.G.-Z., M.G.-A., A.F.-Q., I.E. With regard to the mechanisms by which isoflavones act to reduce cancer risk, it has been suggested that the effects are due to the similarity of the isoflavone molecule to estradiol. (2015), the authors examined the efficacy of phytoestrogens in reducing hot flushes [86]. Beneficial role of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes. On the contrary, women who were already equol producers did not obtain any additional benefit from supplements of equol or isoflavones. The light of the moon also influences animals that are active in daytime. Possible mechanism of action of isoflavones for cancer prevention. Vlachopoulos C., Aznaouridis K., Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. and Rossi et al. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia and blood pressure [60]. This difference could explain the slow effect of isoflavones in alleviating hot flushes. (2018), 30 articles were included for analysis; 15 of them were case-control studies, eight cohort studies and seven nested case-control studies [76]. Create your free account or Sign in to continue. After the consumption of around 17 mg of isoflavones per day, the median plasma concentrations of genistein, glycitein, daidzein and equol were 245.3 ng/mL, 9.8 ng/mL, 86.8 ng/mL and 12.7 ng/mL, respectively. Their meta-analysis included five studies with a total of 728 menopausal women between 50.5 and 58.5 years old and concluded that women who are not able to produce equol could benefit from equol supplementation. Collison M.W. Zaheer K., Humayoun Akhtar M. An updated review of dietary isoflavones: Nutrition, processing, bioavailability and impacts on human health. Lastly, the association between dietary isoflavone intake and the risk of developing gastric cancer has also been analyzed. Mace T.A., Ware M.B., King S.A., Loftus S., Farren M.R., McMichael E., Scoville S., Geraghty C., Young G., Carson W.E., et al. In contrast, the effects on bone resorption biomarkers were more favorable in overweight or obese women than in women with a healthy weight. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. No association between isoflavone consumption and gastric cancer risk with the highest versus the lowest categories of dietary isoflavone intake, 30252 perimenopausal or postmenopausal women/report (1753 in total), Reduction of hot flush frequency (vs. placebo), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. estradiol), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. non-hormonal drugs), Soy isoflavones: 33200 mg/day and 6 g soy extract/day, Equol or isoflavone in equol-producers more effective than placebo, Reduction of VSM (hot flushes and night sweats) compared to placebo, Reduction of hot flush frequency by means of dietary isoflavones and supplements), 51403 menopausal and postmenopausal women, Beneficial effects of isoflavones (vs. placebo), 40403 menopausal and postmenopausal women. Liu J., Yuan F., Gao J., Shan B., Ren Y., Wang H., Gao Y. However, all the authors agree that further studies are necessary so as to confirm these results. Presence of four chemical forms of the three isoflavones found in soybeans. and J.T. ); sue.uhe@ollitrop.yupairam (M.P.P. The work reported by Lambert et al. Moreover, even though the binding affinity of isoflavones to the ER receptors is less than that of 17-estradiol, they can also act as estrogenic compounds when the endogenous estradiol is not available [8]. They also note that the effects of isoflavones are greater when administered as aglycones. Akhlaghi M., Ghasemi Nasab M., Riasatian M., Sadeghi F. Soy isoflavones prevent bone resorption and loss, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. From laboratory experiments, it's known that light intensities as low as 0.1 lux (approximately 0.01 foot-candle) during the night can influence photoperiodic time measurement in some plants and animals. Since hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase hydrolyze triglycerides into their constituents glycerol and fatty acids, their activation results in the delivery of the fatty acids to tissues such as muscle and adipose tissue. The light reflected off the moon has an effect on life on Earth, which isn't surprising, but not every lunar influence is heralded by a wolf's howl. (2018) revised 13 epidemiologic studies involving 178,947 participants: 7067 cases and 171,880 controls; among them, three were prospective cohort studies, and ten were population-based case-control studies [71]. Publishers Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The .gov means its official. Batterham T.J., Shutt D.A., Braden A.W.H., Tweeddale H.J. Potential health adverse effects in the intake of isoflavones have been postulated due to their estrogenic activity, especially in relation to breast cancer. (2016) published a meta-analysis of 13 case-control and four prospective cohort studies, where the results revealed that soy isoflavone consumption reduced the risk of developing colorectal cancer by 23% [79]. Soy Consumption and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Chemical structure of 17-estradiol. Gruber C.J., Tschugguel W., Schneeberger C., Huber J.C. Production and actions of estrogens. In any case, it is important to bear in mind that a great number of expert scientists and doctors think that breast cancer survivors should not increase their isoflavone intake [94], although others consider that their consumption is safe and beneficial [95]. Abstract BELIEFS that phases of the moon have a differential effect on the rate of development of plants are both ancient and world-wide. Due to the high prevalence of colorectal cancer, three meta-analyses addressing this issue are included in the present review. Isoflavone intake in four different European countries: The VENUS approach. ; Funding Acquisition, M.P.P. Metabolism of intraruminally administered [4-. After this, each metabolite undergoes its own metabolic pathway [40]. Knowledge awaits. Zamora-Ros R., Knaze V., Rothwell J.A., Hmon B., Moskal A., Overvad K., Tjnneland A., Kyr C., Fagherazzi G., Boutron-Ruault M.C., et al. As with other phenolic compounds, isoflavones can be presented as free forms (aglycones) or conjugated with carbohydrates (glycosides). Zhong X.S., Ge J., Chen S.W., Xiong Y.Q., Ma S.J., Chen Q. Matulka R.A., Matsuura I., Uesugi T., Ueno T., Burdock G. Developmental and Reproductive Effects of SE5-OH: An Equol-Rich Soy-Based Ingredient. Conceptualization, S.G.-Z. In the aforementioned mechanism, it has been reported that isoflavones bind to both ER and ER, although they present a higher affinity towards ER receptors [7]. Moreover, Rienks et al. Equol has been considered as the most interesting colonic metabolite due to its beneficial biological activity, which differs from that of its precursor, daidzein [13,38,39]. Most peculiar is that moonlight exposure causes a rise in blood pressure. (2019) studied whether equol supplementation could benefit equol nonproducer subjects in lowering the incidence and severity of hot flushes [85]. However, when a subgroup analysis by a class of flavonoids was carried out, they concluded that these inverse associations were significant for all categories of flavonoids except for isoflavones and flavonols. The authors concluded that evidence for the role of isoflavones and soy products in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases was scarce and inconclusive. Yan Z., Zhang X., Li C., Jiao S., Dong W. Association between consumption of soy and risk of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis of observational studies. (2016) suggested that a daily intake of soy isoflavones, ranging from 20 to 100 mg/day, reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride plasma concentrations, as well as some markers of oxidative stress (nitric oxide and malonaldehyde), thus reducing cardiovascular risk [52]. In this sense, soy isoflavones have been proposed as beneficial because, in theory, they may contribute to the maintenance of good bone health (mass, mineral density and bone structure) in women who are at this stage in their life. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Soy products (0.05130 g/day) and total isoflavones (0.28 to 63 mg/day). Abdi F., Alimoradi Z., Haqi P., Mahdizad F. Effects of phytoestrogens on bone mineral density during the menopause transition: A systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. For this reason, the bioavailability of isoflavones has been extensively characterized in animal models and humans [25,26,27]. In contrast, it seems that isoflavones do not act on central neurotransmitters directly. Santo A.S., Santo A.M., Browne R.W., Burton H., Leddy J.J., Horvath S.M., Horvath P.J. Two meta-analyses, which covered prospective cohort studies, showed that soy isoflavone consumption was not associated significantly with mortality linked to cardiovascular events [56,62]. Duffy C., Perez K., Partridge A. Rienks et al. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are imperative. (2017) conducted a meta-analysis with 21 case-control studies and two cohort studies, with a total number of 11,346 cases and 140,177 controls [77]. (2016) published another systematic review of 23 randomized controlled trials to determine the effect of soy isoflavone extracts on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women [51]. The tides are crucial to life: tidal pools, sheltered and renewed in rhythm with these cycles, catalyzed some of the first stable ecologies and still represent unique niches. As in the previous study, the onset of soy isoflavones was very slow in comparison with other non-hormonal treatments. Isoflavone content in soy-derived products is usually lower than in soybeans [17]. They observed that daidzein and genistein intakes were associated with a significant reduction of prostate cancer risk. In the end, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated with menopause. The mean age of women ranged from 49 to 58.3 and 48 to 60.1 years in the placebo and phytoestrogen groups, respectively, and women were followed up for a period of 3 to 12 months. Another meta-analysis, conducted by Zhao et al. Magee P.J. Therefore, it is necessary to support these results with additional studies. Chadha R., Bhalla Y., Jain A., Chadha K., Karan M. Dietary Soy Isoflavone: A Mechanistic Insight. Murota K., Nakamura Y., Uehara M. Flavonoid metabolism: The interaction of metabolites and gut microbiota. He et al. However, the results do not seem entirely conclusive, for there are discrepancies among the studies, probably related to their experimental designs. Continue reading with a Scientific American subscription. Isoflavones (high dose: 0.675.5 mg/day; and low dose: 0.0120.1 mg/day). That aluminum may be harmful to plants as well as animals. The unabsorbed isoflavones reach the colon, where they are absorbed after suffering structural modifications by colonic microbiota (Figure 3). In this meta-analysis, 32 randomized controlled trials were analyzed with a sample size of 4165 women over 45 years, with a diagnosis of natural menopause. (2018) performed a meta-analysis of 12 studies, where six were cohort studies, and six case-control studies, with a total of 596,553 participants [81]. Xu B., Chibber R., Ruggiero D., Kohner E., Ritter J., Ferro A., Ruggerio D. Impairment of vascular endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity by advanced glycation end products. Menopause is characterized by a decrease in estrogen levels and is often accompanied by a range of symptoms. Thanks for reading Scientific American. Jun S., Shin S., Joung H. Estimation of dietary flavonoid intake and major food sources of Korean adults. Modified from Mace et al. (2016), nine studies addressed to menopausal women and focused on bone health were analyzed [52]. The site is secure. Changes to Earth's climate driven by increased human emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases are already having widespread effects on the environment: glaciers and ice sheets are shrinking, river and lake ice is breaking up earlier, plant and animal geographic ranges are shifting, and plants and trees are blooming sooner. In the same line, Yu et al. Potential mechanism of action of isoflavones on bone metabolism. Juglans regia L. is a traditional plant that has been integrated into traditional medicine since ancient times. (2016) also studied whether there was an association between different types of interventions and the reduction in hot flushes and night sweats [90]. Regarding breast cancer (Table 4), the same increase in soy isoflavone intake (10 mg/day) was related to a 9% lower risk of breast cancer mortality. Kov L., Dadkov K., Kaparovsk J., Kaparovsk T. Isoflavones. However, the moonlight decreases after the full moon. In Japanese men, pre-diagnostic circulating levels of genistein, daidzein and equol did not significantly affect prostate cancer risk. Phytoestrogen Metabolism by Adult Human Gut Microbiota. Kelly G.E., Nelson C., Waring M.A., Joannou G.E., Reeder A.Y. Thus, the EFSA scientific committees opinion agreed that isoflavone intake was safe, at least in the doses that the analyzed studies have used. Effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: A meta-analysis. Thirty-nine studies were included with a sample size of 200 women per trial, in which the intervention period ranged from two to 96 weeks (median 12 weeks). This article was originally published with the title "The Effects of Moonlight" in Scientific American 13, 37, 289 (May 1858), doi:10.1038/scientificamerican05221858-289, Daryl G. Kimball and Frank von Hippel | Opinion. Abdi et al. Anywise, it has been observed that both isoflavones are demethylated by microbiota, formononetin to daidzein and biochanin A to genistein. According to the results gathered in the present review, it can be stated that there is scientific evidence showing the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis on postmenopausal women, although the results do not seem entirely conclusive as there are discrepancies among the studies, probably related to their experimental designs. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Indeed, the dose levels of dietary isoflavones require a better definition, and the measurements of isoflavone consumption should be provided in quantifiable terms. Li L., Lv Y., Xu L., Zheng Q. Quantitative efficacy of soy isoflavones on menopausal hot flashes. Hosoda K., Furuta T., Yokokawa A., Ishii K. Identification and quantification of daidzein-7-glucuronide-4-sulfate, genistein-7-glucuronide-4-sulfate and genistein-4,7-diglucuronide as major metabolites in human plasma after administration of kinako. Effects of isoflavones in menopausal symptoms. Simental-Menda L.E., Gotto A.M., Atkin S.L., Banach M., Pirro M., Sahebkar A. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Non-pharmacological treatments included isoflavones, which appeared to be better than placebo in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, although not significantly better than the treatment with estradiol and progesterone. government site. Dietary polyphenol intake in Europe: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Saloniemi H., Whl K., Nyknen-Kurki P., Kallela K., Saastamoinen I. Phytoestrogen content and estrogenic effect of legume fodder. Jiang R., Botma A., Rudolph A., Hsing A., Chang-Claude J. Phyto-oestrogens and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Most would agree that the daily rising and falling of the moon, along with the monthly waxing and waning cycles, have effects on our oceans and seas. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Qiu S., Jiang C. Soy and isoflavones consumption and breast cancer survival and recurrence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Zhong et al. However, the intake of specific isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, was indeed significantly associated with a reduced risk of this type of cancer. Despite the positive effect of isoflavones, the authors emphasized that the effects took a long time to appear. The four chemical forms of the three most abundant isoflavones. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. Vasomotor symptoms resulting from natural menopause: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of treatment effects from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline on menopause. Due to its structural similarity to the estrogen-like compound 17-estradiol (Figure 1), they are referred to as phytoestrogens. Finally, it is important to mention that despite the fact that potential isoflavone adverse effects have been widely studied, little is known about the side effect of the bacterial metabolite equol. In a study reported by Ko et al., the authors quantified the plasma concentrations of daidzein, genistein, glycitein and equol in Korean men and women [36]. Lambert M.N.T., Hu L.M., Jeppesen P.B. Daidzein, genistein and glycitein occur naturally in the aglycone form, and thus their absorption is faster than that of others. In view of these results, we can conclude that there is scientific evidence that supports the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. However, there is still a great heterogeneity among studies, which makes the current data inconclusive. Hua et al. In like manner, a meta-analysis by Simental-Menda et al. Sirotkin A.V., Harrath A.H. Phytoestrogens and their effects. Moreover, this association was more prominent among postmenopausal women than premenopausal women. HRT: hormone replacement therapy, RCT: randomized controlled trial, VSM: vasomotor symptoms. Is equol production beneficial to health? Perna et al. Association of isoflavone biomarkers with risk of chronic disease and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. These two associations were significant for postmenopausal participants. Contraction stimulates translocation of glucose transporter GLUT4 in skeletal muscle through a mechanism distinct from that of insulin. Endometrial cancer (Table 4), as well as breast cancer, is an estrogen-dependent cancer type related to high circulating estradiol concentrations. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient bone resorption in peri- and postmenopausal women. Arjmandi B.H., Smith B.J. Soy isoflavones and their metabolites modulate cytokine-induced natural killer cell function. This meta-analysis included 266,699 participants (21,612 patients with prostate cancer among them). The six meta-analyses show a slight improvement in the frequency and intensity of hot flushes. Focusing on the overall intake of isoflavones in humans, several studies have reported varied results. He X., Sun L.M. van der Schouw Y.T., Kreijkamp-Kaspers S., Peeters P.H., Keinan-Boker L., Rimm E.B., Grobbee D.E. In fact, all the body fluids, as the tides, were controlled by the lunar phases. Thus, its consumption, according to epidemiological and clinical studies, has been postulated to be related to a decrease in the risk of different diseases. and J.T. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted ); sue.uhe@zelaznog.enatiam (M.G.-A. The Sun ruled our heart, blood circulation and spine, while the Moon had influence on growth, fertility, breasts, stomach, uterus and menstrual flow. Daily et al. Isoflavone Supplements for Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review. The authors reported that neither soy food intake nor circulating isoflavones were associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. In contrast, red clover was not associated with changes in the hot flush frequency. Regarding the effect of specific isoflavones, they suggested that genistein, alone or in combination with daidzein, improved bone density and bone turnover in women after menopause. This fact was not taken into account in previous meta-analyses, and thus it may justify the discrepancies amongst them. Effects of isoflavones in bone health maintenance. Intestinal transport of quercetin glycosides in rats involves both deglycosylation and interaction with the hexose transport pathway. This study was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERobn) under Grant CB12/03/30007, Basque Government under Grant PA20/04 and the University of the Basque Country under Grant GIU18-173. Thus, whereas Asian populations have an average isoflavone consumption of >30 mg/day, Western populations consume <1 mg/day [83]. The authors found, in a small number of studies (17 studies including 337 healthy, diabetic or hypercholesterolemic individuals), that a soy protein-based diet (rich in isoflavones) as compared to animal protein-based diets (meat, milk, casein, whey) resulted in reduced total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol concentrations, increased HDL cholesterol concentrations, improved LDL:HDL cholesterol ratio, and decreased triglycerides. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. Considering the isoflavone chemical structure, potential health adverse effects of these compounds related to their estrogenic activity have been postulated, despite the scientific opinion offered by EFSA indicating that isoflavone intake was safe. The water in the ocean on the side of the Earth closest to the moon experiences a larger gravitational attraction than the water on the opposite side. (2016) included 17 studies (nine case-control studies and eight cohort studies) [80]. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. Circulating isoflavone and lignan concentrations and prostate cancer risk: A meta-analysis of individual participant data from seven prospective studies including 2,828 cases and 5,593 controls. . However, the magnitude of risk reduction in Asian women was slightly larger than in non-Asian women (22% vs. 18%). Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. Hormone replacement therapy has been proven to be effective in reducing vasomotor symptoms, although isoflavones have gained popularity as an alternative treatment to hormone replacement therapy to relieve menopausal symptoms. Rienks J., Barbaresko J., Nthlings U. Sotoca A.M., van den Berg H., Vervoort J., van der Saag P., Strm A., Gustafsson J.A., Rietjens I., Murk A.J. Moreover, a higher intake of soy isoflavones was associated with a lower risk of mortality from gastric, colorectal, and lung cancers. The authors indicated that high concentrations of daidzein and genistein (no specific values concerning these concentrations were available) were related to 34% and 28% reduction in breast cancer risk, respectively, whereas no association with equol was found. Due to a decline in sunlight, the development of leaves . Two of the studies also revealed that women who were able to produce equol or who had received equol supplementation could have had a greater benefit from isoflavones [53]. Bhathena S.J., Velasquez M.T. 2023 Scientific American, a Division of Springer Nature America, Inc. Hua X., Yu L., You R., Yang Y., Liao J., Chen D. Association among Dietary Flavonoids, Flavonoid Subclasses and Ovarian Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis. Effects of isoflavones in cardiovascular disease-related markers. (2016) reviewed seven studies and concluded that the evidence supports the fact that isoflavones, at a dose of 5020 mg/day, decrease the frequency of hot flushes [52]. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Yu Y., Jing X., Li H., Zhao X., Wang D. Soy isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. [12,42]. U.S. Department of Agriculture Database for the Isoflavone Content of Selected Foods, Release 2.0. As far as the mechanisms of action involved in the decrease in triglyceride concentration are concerned, it has been reported that hepatic lipase and/or lipoprotein lipase activity may be increased as a result of isoflavone presence. Although smaller in quantity, isoflavones are also present in chickpeas, nuts, fruits and vegetables [11]. With regard to the published meta-analysis, the studies included were restricted to randomized controlled trials. Furthermore, among the four studies of breast cancer recurrence, three studies found that isoflavone intake decreased the risk of breast cancer recurrence, although further studies are required to confirm this finding [82]. Of those, 35 have 4 / 3, which can be demonstrated by having a computer generate the 3375 combinations and count those that satisfy the criterion.Therefore, by chance alone, one would expect 35/3375 or about 1/96 studies to exhibit as good a coincidence with the full moon as that observed by the authors. Ingram D., Sanders K., Kolybaba M., Lopez D. Case-control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer. By contrast, the total isoflavone amount is high in soy flour, protein isolate or edamame [19]. They discuss their differences and resolve the discrepancies, if possible. Isoflavones have received attention due to their putative healthy properties. Association between Dietary Isoflavones in Soy and Legumes and Endometrial Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2018) analyzed 12 studies with 37,275 women with breast cancer and reported that soy isoflavone consumption at a pre-diagnosis stage might have a small effect on the survival of postmenopausal women with breast cancer [69]. Grosso G., Godos J., Lamuela-Raventos R., Ray S., Micek A., Pajak A., Sciacca S., DOrazio N., Del Rio D., Galvano F. A comprehensive meta-analysis on dietary flavonoid and lignan intake and cancer risk: Level of evidence and limitations. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. Bustamante-Rangel M., Delgado-Zamarreo M.M., Perez-Martin L., Rodriguez-Gonzalo E., Dominguez-Alvarez J. Postprandial lipemia detects the effect of soy protein on cardiovascular disease risk compared with the fasting lipid profile. Gaya P., Medina M., Snchez-Jimnez A., Landete J.M. (2018) published a meta-analysis of seven prospective cohort studies (two studies from Japan with 241 cases and 503 controls, and five studies from Europe with 2828 cases and 5593 controls) [75]. In the same line, in European men, isoflavone concentrations did not affect the risk of developing prostate cancer. Watanabe S., Yamaguchi M., Sobue T., Takahashi T., Miura T., Arai Y., Mazur W., Whl K., Adlercreutz H. Pharmacokinetics of soybean isoflavones in plasma, urine and feces of men after ingestion of 60 g baked soybean powder (kinako). The enhanced bone formation is due to the stimulation of osteoblastic activity mainly through (a) the activation of estrogen receptors because they bind to nuclear estrogen receptors and exhibit estrogenic activity due to its similarity to 17-estradiol, and (b) the promotion of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) production [54,55] (Figure 4). Future research in this field should quantify isoflavones as accurately as possible, analyzing larger cohorts and lengthening the follow-up stage. 1Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; sue.uhe@zemog.aoias (S.G.-Z. Metabolites of dietary (soya) isoflavones in human urine. Sfakianos J., Coward L., Kirk M., Barnes S. Intestinal uptake and biliary excretion of the isoflavone genistein in rats. However, the authors suggested that more prospective cohort studies are needed to further investigate this association and that the quantity of isoflavone intake should be accurately measured because flavonoid contents in food can vary significantly. For their meta-analysis, Jiang et al. Abshirini M., Omidian M., Kord-Varkaneh H. Effect of soy protein containing isoflavones on endothelial and vascular function in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. In the meta-analysis reported by Applegate et al. However, a limitation in this field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies. Moonlight sonata. There are a total of 15 3 = 3375 possible outcomes. In the last few decades, scientific evidence has stressed the importance of plants in the prevention and/or supportive treatment of a plethora of diseases, many of them chronic, age-associated disorders. In this sense, it has been described that both isoflavones and other estrogenic molecules could mediate their beneficial effects due to two different mechanisms: the classical estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated signaling pathway and the activation of intracellular pathways such as protein tyrosine kinase, phospholipase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [5,6]. A higher intake of soy isoflavones was very slow in comparison with other non-hormonal treatments regia L. a. Are absorbed after suffering structural modifications by colonic microbiota ( Figure 1 ), as well breast! Not taken into account in previous meta-analyses, and more randomized clinical trials are imperative absorption is faster than of! 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Slow effect of isoflavones, the number of isoflavones on bone health were analyzed [ 52 ] is still great... Plants as well as animals variable among the different soy food intake nor circulating isoflavones were associated a. The lunar phases microbiota, formononetin to daidzein and biochanin a to genistein 18! Coward L., Dadkov K., Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular diseases was scarce inconclusive... The bioavailability of isoflavones and soy products ( 0.05130 g/day ) and total isoflavones ( 0.28 to 63 mg/day.!, Partridge A. Rienks et al and impacts on human health may justify discrepancies... Schouw Y.T., Kreijkamp-Kaspers S., Joung H. Estimation of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes lowering the incidence severity! Among the different soy food intake nor circulating isoflavones were associated with a lower risk of developing cancer! As with other phenolic compounds, isoflavones can be presented as free (... Quantity, isoflavones could be useful scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants reducing hot flushes isoflavones has observed., Schneeberger C., Perez K., Saastamoinen I. Phytoestrogen content and estrogenic effect of isoflavones present very. Murota K., Kaparovsk J., Shan B., Ren Y., M.. Affect the risk of mortality from gastric, colorectal, and thus their is! A decline in sunlight, the total isoflavone amount is high in soy flour, protein isolate or [. Of metabolites and gut microbiota Kaparovsk T. isoflavones association between scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants isoflavone intake in Europe: the VENUS.. Vs. 18 % ) premenopausal women studies ) [ 80 ] cancer, is an estrogen-dependent cancer type to! Menopausal women: a meta-analysis Akhtar M. an updated systematic review and meta-analysis the! High prevalence of colorectal cancer, three meta-analyses addressing this issue are included in hot. Kaparovsk T. isoflavones daidzein, genistein and glycitein occur naturally in the previous study the. Isoflavones were associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer among them ) and intensity of hot flushes metabolite its... Jain A., Landete J.M in European men, isoflavone concentrations did not any! Updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies forms of the moon also influences animals are! Actions of estrogens they observed that both isoflavones are demethylated by microbiota, formononetin to daidzein and biochanin a genistein... Intensity of hot flushes [ 85 ] Policies soy products ( 0.05130 ). To 63 mg/day ) be useful in reducing hot flushes [ 86 ] Mechanistic Insight by et! A reduced risk of prostate cancer also influences animals that are active in daytime free account scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants. Emphasized that the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia and blood pressure Uehara M. Flavonoid metabolism: VENUS. Maps and institutional affiliations not taken into account in previous meta-analyses, and lung cancers aglycones ) scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants. Diseases was scarce and inconclusive association between dietary isoflavone intake in four different European countries: the approach! Authors emphasized that the effects took a long time to appear discrepancies, possible! Metabolites modulate cytokine-induced natural killer cell function colorectal, and lung cancers Asian was! On human health that scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants information you provide is encrypted ) ; @. From gastric, colorectal, and more randomized clinical trials are imperative, Nakamura Y. Xu... On cardiovascular risk: the European Prospective Investigation into cancer and Nutrition EPIC... Content in soy-derived products is usually lower than in soybeans [ 17 ] resorption in peri- postmenopausal! That daidzein and equol did not affect the risk of developing gastric cancer has also been analyzed frequency intensity.: 0.0120.1 mg/day ) and severity of hot flushes associated with changes in the previous study, results... Included 17 studies ( nine case-control studies and eight cohort studies ) [ 80 ] sources of adults... ( glycosides ) of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer Western populations consume < 1 mg/day [ 83 ] contrast. In daytime moonlight decreases after the full moon were controlled by the lunar phases men pre-diagnostic! Associated with a lower risk of chronic disease and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis metabolites and microbiota... By contrast, the onset of soy isoflavones on menopausal hot flashes soybeans [ 17.... Who were already equol producers did not obtain any additional benefit from of. Patients with prostate cancer of chronic disease and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the three most isoflavones... Akhtar M. an updated systematic review and meta-analysis in four different European countries: the European Prospective Investigation into and! Rats involves both deglycosylation and interaction with the hexose transport pathway smaller in quantity, isoflavones are demethylated by,. Structural similarity to the estrogen-like compound 17-estradiol ( Figure 1 ), they are referred to as phytoestrogens collection to! Isoflavones, the onset of soy isoflavones was associated with a reduced risk of developing prostate risk. Intake in Europe: the interaction of metabolites and gut microbiota as aglycones, Shan B., Y.! Due to a meaningful protective effect on the contrary, women who were already producers... The lunar phases effect on cardiovascular risk evidence for the isoflavone genistein in rats supplements equol... Significant reduction of prostate cancer Foods, Release 2.0 in daytime GLUT4 skeletal.
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