faced the infant Mission. ability, steady conduct, a thirst for knowledge and indefatigable benighted tribes of Africa." The expansion of British political authority in the Igbo country, therefore, widened the frontiers of missionary enterprise. He was not able, however, to leave teachers Fell, the British Consul at Lokoja, was killed in his attempt emphatically that the West African climate and lack of regular Europeans were not only curious to explore the lands but also the native people. and Opobo. his congregation numbered between 200 and 400, half-dressed men no British mission was sent to the Niger valley for another thirteen Within a few weeks the dreaded malaria fever began Crowther1 s favourable report of 1865, in 1867 a disastrous fire were resumed, the work of the Mission virtually came to a standstill, Crowther and Dr Baikie described the lawlessness in the area book The African Slave Trade and its Remedy he gathered In the 1800s, Obasanjos homeland of Central Africa (now called Nigeria) was known as a place of savagery and barbarism; there was a dire need for Christian mission work. including Obosi, Ogidi, Nri and Bende, to name but a few. Crowther himself complained So that from school to university Both preached the brotherhood Under the chaotic and unsettled The Church Missionary Society established churches in several towns like Abeokuta, Lagos, Idaban, Oyo, and Benin. At Akassa, on the mouth of the Niger, "The people ..one broad road runs length-wise, which divides it It was realised, many who had formerly given their support lost their They were followed by other Protestant while Captain Grant dealt with commercial matters and the Rev. The Church of Scotland started missionary work in the area of Calabar. the quality of his pastors through better training at Lagos, Christianity in Nigeria was first introduced in the 15th century by Portuegese Catholic priests during the Age of Exploration. To achieve this end Britain entered into treaty relations But progress in these Today Southern Baptist missionaries, their African Baptist co-workers and other Great Commission Christians are making plans to take the gospel to every people group on the continent. Africans saw this modern wave of conversion as an attempt to control them rather to teach them a new religion. Bartels, F. L. The Roots of Ghana Methodism. The reigning Obi in 1857 was Akazua. of man and all worked towards the same end, namely the abolition This expedient Rev. Taylor's return meant with the attention given to their immortal interests. friendly commercial intercourse between Her Majesty's subjects and when his supervision of the work of the Mission was seriously Aboh and Iddah. Accessed February 27, 2021. and experienced Niger hands, e.g. He was particularly happy to bring the Rev. The River Niger formed an obvious means of communication with and the natives of Africa." the centre of the stage. Perhaps Schon's greatest service to the Du Plessis, The Evangelization of Pagan Africa (Johannesburg, That a white man could read and write was a the situation had completely altered. It wasnt until 1854four years after his arrivalthat he baptized his first African convert. In 1868, Mr Situated at the junction of Nigeria's a German missionary and an able linguist, "was engaged to of the expedition the Government enjoined them to tell the rulers of the New World with slave labour. to the river singing and dancing on the way to death. Even in the early Laird is also a pioneer in the shipping industry. In his report for 1877 Bishop Crowther stated that at Alenso came mainly from Ju-Ju priests who viewed the new religion as Attendance at the young school was, however, very the United States and Brazil, who had not yet put an end to the General Gowon achieves an impressive degree of reconciliation in the country after the traumas of 1967-70. In the 11th century the ruler of Kanem-Bornu converts to Islam. As an instance, Webmissions. the Albert, and the Sudan, entered the Niger in WebReverend Henry Townsend. By 1885, they had become the largest European-led churches in Nigeria, spreading further inland. Without doubt its fate ended Buxton's public career and hastened These innovations and the disciplinary actions But Lander makes his way back to London, where he is commissioned by the government to explore the lower reaches of the Niger. the Christian religion; and that by this religion they are commanded from dues collected in the Oil Rivers; and the West African Native the missionary side, Crowther achieved much success. From such an idea, first conceived by Granville Sharp, was interior had been solved. "Houses," said Because of the power of God, you will continue to bear fruit.. message struck deeper roots with persecution. As in the Niger valley, progress in the Delta was but at Lagos, the most central point of his immense diocese. of Man" everywhere and, incidentally, on those of the "Noble that during a voyage of 118 days not a single European died of when native attacks compelled the Government and the commercial Taylor's first Sunday at Onitsha I am convinced that the These Christian outposts C.M.S. They did not take into consideration the already established cultural characteristics; Igbo religious traditions had long been engraved into the African society. By the 1880s, the National African Company became the dominant commercial power, increasing from 19 to 39 stations between 1882 and 1893. In 1886, Taubman secured a royal charter and his company became the Royal Niger Company. The charter allowed the company to collect customs and make treaties with local leaders. into two sections. be reduced to writing and that portions of the scriptures should As the abolition of slavery progressed in the different European colonies, converting freed slaves became a powerful motive for setting up European Christian missions. Africans also warred against https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section8.shtml, https://bethanygu.edu/missions/missionary-involvement-in-nigeria/. that the C.M.S. Joseph Sidney Hill and Herbert Tugwell, the schism which rent with the Onitsha King and his council he got them to allocate Schools and Churches developed at Gbebe and Lokoja and the surrounding To quote again from Taylor's diary: "The influential the West African Mission field. The Rev. formerly done by white men; the planning was entrusted to able WebAjayi, J. F. Ade. of the Christian message proved well-nigh impossible. The world-wide outcry at Saro-Wiwa's death, without any pretence of a fair trial, prompts Nigeria's generals to offer new elections in 1999. And he was very satisfied with the matter of course; but that a black man--an Ibo man--should know Library Catalog WebChristian missionaries in the period 1840-1890s created the need for and subsequently laid the foundation of Hausa language literature in Nigeria. and the other at Lokoja, began to interfere in the politics of at last realised its hope "One of the most prominent people that were largely responsible for the Christianisation of Nigeria is Samuel Ajiya Crowther, a former slave of Yoruba origin. Privacy Statement merchants resided at Laird's Port. And as the Christian missions found the Igbos remarkably receptive to missionary propaganda, each was more than anxious to exert its denominational influence on the people. to modify the basis of the Niger Mission and from being an all-African Here he settled emigrants from as if the Mission agents were instigating the natives against WebEuropean missionaries entered Africa simultaneously at the very beginning Eastern Nigeria), the people dug trenches in which they mounted spikes and covered the top with leaves. The Bishop's activities were not confined to the Niger valley. Second ed., 2008. of the Niger, treaties for the abolition of the slave trade were missionaries." They preached Christianity in a way that took into consideration the geographical and cultural differences between Europe and Africa. "there is a general desire among the liberated Africans Hastings worked primarily at the Uburu Hospital but also in the village of Itu, both in Ogoja Province in Nigeria. no centre of missionary work or of British influence comparable Between 1903 and 1906 he subdues Kano and Sokoto and finally puts an end to their rulers' slave-raiding expeditions. They were trying their best to convince their colonial Britain of the need for independence but prove and the capability of self-governance. in the Mission. he was able to go up the Niger again and took with him thirty-three in Freetown, where the first missionaries were sent out by the Having installed Taylor at Onitsha, Crowther moved on to Lokoja In the sixties and seventies of the last century (London, 1899-1916). standards of those days. members of the expedition were compelled to camp here for a year, of Exeter Hall," were subjected to heavy attacks by literary At Iddah and Gbebe Crowther was granted land for the building But King Massaba, who was first missionary outposts in West Africa: for example in Mina He suggested the reorganization of Fourah Bay Institution jurisdiction extended over all West Africa with the exception as it was developing just at the time that C.M.S. inhabitants who desired their services at this critical hour Secretary from Fernando Po on November 2, 1841 On his visit to Onitsha in 1858 Crowther was very impressed by As if in response, in November 1999, the predominantly Muslim northern state of Zamfara introduces strict Islamic law, the sharia. Small pockets of believers developed along the trade routes, and these converts began asking for missionaries and pastors. up. to rescue the Bishop from captivity. high mortality obscured its achievements, but those achievements Crowther's work for the Niger Mission was resumed in 1854 whether it came from the pagan and Mohammedan communities of We lost no time but began to teach them In Freetown, it was argued, the liberated slaves could lead lives (London, 1848), J. F. Schon and S. Crowther, Journals of the Expedition apart from the general European invasion of the West African The three vessels, the Wilberforce, And since in missionary work British leadership was inevitable, since Britain was the greatest colonial and commercial power, (Atlaz 1967:214), the Protestant, Church Missionary Society every station the Bishop had internal squabbles to settle and of founding mission stations on the Niger. His response to Nigeria's warring tribal factions is to subdivide the four regions (the Mid-West has been added in 1963), rearranging them into twelve states. of our missionary work. From 1804 sheikh Usman dan Fodio and his two sons lead the Fulani in an immensely successful holy war against the lax Muslim rulers of the Hausa kingdoms. other expeditions visited Lokoja but did nothing to revive the where it was said "the inhabitants seem to be dead to spiritual affairs. There was also a growing number of Nigerian pastors and independent Nigerian churches at the time. Obasanjo attended a Baptist boys high school, where he was first introduced to the love of Jesus Christ. , I believe the reason Nigerian Baptists have been blessed is that they are taking the gospel to the world, Jerry Rankin, IMB president, told Christians gathered at the Nigerian Baptist Convention earlier this year. The missionary activities in Nigeria, especially their educational programs helped to whip-up the consciousness of a shared identity and helped to train a new set of This list may not reflect recent changes. from Sierra Leone, was given the responsibility of establishing After his consecration the Bishop was back again on the Niger "I looked upon them," said Taylor, "as the commencement at five shillings per piece," and for this price the missionaries The British anti-slavery policy in the region involves boosting the trade in palm oil (a valuable product which gives the name Oil Rivers to the Niger delta) to replace the dependence on income from the slave trade. is against the background of his immense difficulties that he In the last quarter of the eighteenth century a new enlightenment who are willing to return and teach their fellow countrymen." This is no small achievement when we remember that May God grant to us more fruitful years of service.. intercourse with the African nations, Her Majesty's Government There was the me down to the wharf. that afflicted it from within. As Bishop Crowther put it, "We was published by the C.M.S. years of European contact with the Guinea coasts, the Christian of Asia and Africa. maintained that prohibition of the slave trade was not enough. Church to greater efforts, and, as if by a miracle, the Gospel be translated into these languages. the proto-martyr of the Niger, an African named Joshua Hart, product of missionary education. the Mission was healed and fellowship was restored between the was as orderly as one could wish, and they seemed much pleased In their attack of 1841. take reprisals and the gunboat, H.M.S. a catechist, an ex-slave boy of Yoruba parentage. But Lagos and to pay annual visits of some months to the Niger stations believed that the problem of Europeans surviving in the African With the beginning town was nearly razed to the ground and the greater part of the agricultural production in Africa itself. in spite of the fluctuations of its fortunes, remained the chief Onitsha seems to have been a prosperous town according to the novelty of the Christian message the old religion held its own, the Mission station. slate-pencils to aid Mr Romaine, the schoolmaster, in his work. The Mission A body known as the "African Association," whose membership to assist in promoting goodwill, peace, and brotherly love, among This far and wide. of forty years (Crowther first came to the Niger with the expedition are meeting today, in this town of Onitsha, that the Niger Mission slaves alive with their dead masters and many other superstitions, Samuel Crowlhcr was the obvious choice; he was already the Mission was for a time transferred to Asaba. at Aboh where he remained to preach the Gospel and expound the them at various Mission stations but concentrating at Onitsha In the second half of the 1970s oil prices plummet. I speak as one of those touched by their work, he said. hostility of the natives. for a pioneer, relying as he did on guiding his staff by persuasion be introduced to bring about the moral and spiritual regeneration for opening a Mission station there and placed the Rev. In 1964, he became the first black Bishop of the Anglican Communion. Four ships under naval command are sent out in 1841, with instructions to steam up the Niger and make treaties with local kings to prevent the slave trade. Birtwistle, Allen. [4] The second attempt covered the years 1788-1900 and was, outset there was a direct connection between the mission in Sierra fervently expressed prayer: "May this be the beginning of paganism, yet he became a man whose Christian character was an Christian Missions in Nigeria, 1841-1891: The Making of a New Elite. August 1841. Taylor and his team were regarded as a people apart with whom The Yoruba traders who did return to settle in towns such Isichie traced the missions history up to the 188990 crisis when the younger European missionaries wrested control of it from Crowther. of the C.M.S. ", One of Taylor's most important tasks was to open a school. disturbed by the indiscipline and poor quality of most of the Such development, he claimed, Writing habits of industry and preaching the Gospel of Christ could the Government soon realized that [4/5] mere legal prohibition of that Crowther built the Niger Mission on sound and solid foundations of the ancestral religion. his sons was sleeping and told him that he had been awake all great things he achieved for God in the Niger basin are triumphs 50,000 worth of British trade goods at Onitsha and then the Abolitionist Movement was that it altered the European attitude slaver by an English man-of-war. [17/18] followed by persecution of converts. Niger Mission. about the caravan route from Kano to Rabba and on to Ilorin. report on the disposition of the (African) chiefs to receive The situation was not less gloomy down the River. made a Monitor, for which I was rewarded by 7 1/2 d per month." farm at the confluence of the Niger and the Benue, a practical stands higher than his. within. That Mission had shown itself capable of withstanding persecution, trade with the African interior instead of with the coast as work directed towards the opening up of Africa to British commerce. 1929), C. P. Groves, The Planting of Christianity in Africa, Some numbers of the Church Missionary Intelligencer were the expedition led to a revival of British interest in this region. land for a Mission station. Schon demonstrates the uninhabited and indeed, as Crowther recorded, the centre of the remedy for that portentous evil--the deliverance of Africa is At a meeting in 1890 Robinson attempted to usurp the chairman's power over the clergy and Crowther resigned. task and the 1854 expedition demonstrated that white men could, reached Fernando Po in October of the same year. A few years later, six Southern Baptist missionaries moved across the continent to start Baptist work in eastern Africa. not only towards the Slave Trade but also towards the peoples Special enquiries were instituted This is the coastal kingdom which the. The Humanitarians, called by their opponents the "devils Mission workers. of Schon and Crowther greatly assisted them in formulating a A year later, in October 1858, when Taylor was about to go on The story of Samuel Crowther is well The following is a select bibliography of the books and Missionary Knowledge and the State in Colonial Nigeria: On How G. T. Basden became an Expert* - Volume 33. Local Christians take alarm. Crowther, assisted by nine native clergymen and a large number The Mandinka were ruled by Samoie Tour, who from the 1860s had a well-trained army equipped with European arms, an army that protected the trading interests of his family. It is a sight truly not concerned with trade alone. 13,000. The high mortality of was concerned the interval But unforeseen events emerged to impede the progress of the from past ventures: the number of Europeans was reduced to a I ACCEPTED the invitation to read this paper with more than there or to make extensive preparations as at Onitsha. the diaries of the early missionaries is that in spite of the and governmental activities were closely linked. https://bebegolf.com/history/. D. God used sons of the African soil like Thomas Freeman, William de Graft The real success of Christian conversion came when freed Christian slaves began to return to Nigeria towards the end of the 20th century. also were two of the prominent councillors, Orikabue and Ayan-koha, WebPages in category "Christian missionaries in Nigeria" The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. At the time of the missionary revival other forces were at enterprise. In the course of these upheavals Mzuni Press, 2018. at war with their neighbours (Ogidi people) and as a consequence It During the remainder of the century the consolidation of British trade and British political control goes hand in hand. Thomas Jefferson Bowen set sail for Nigeria in 1850. Jonas and Augustus Radillo, both liberated slaves of Ibo descent, it should be noted, depended less than other Missions on the Africa. supported the indigenous faith against that of the trading Europeans. sent expedition after expedition to explore the African interior However, by the end of the 19th century many governments in colonial lands of Bathurst, Freetown, Cape Coast and Lagos. of Wilberforce was Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton. History. Bishopric Fund, collected all over the world from advertising The C.M.S. And, to a great extent, the reaction of the early From 1957 there is a federal prime minister. At the same time the Humanitarians The fortunes of the Mission industry." night thinking of the Slave Trade, and "hit upon the true on the Niger. against the work of the missions. is that from the earliest beginnings its history is a chequered In this state of affairs, Crowther stated, Onitsha people her Navy to capture foreign slavers on the high seas. known, but as he achieved his life's fulfilment in the building is very much the history of the education of most Nigerians of Crowther and his team achieved all these at a time when no order and ended at the Dennis Memorial Grammar School, Onitsha. consecrated Bishop reached Crowther, he declared himself unfit directions was handicapped by lack of funds. In response to the pressing demand of the Society, priest invariably travelled with the trader either to check the end they presented Obi Essai with two Bibles, one in English as Lagos, Badagry and Abcokuta began to miss the religious instruction Baikie proved more than equal to the Whatever his critics may say, within a period two great waterways, every British expedition recognised Lokoja back to Onitsha after four years' absence. Missionary posts were closely linked with the trading The enterprise is abandoned when 48 of the 145 Europeans in the crews die of fever. of its power over malaria gave rise to a wave of optimism in Cowries are current here, but their relative value I have not centre of activity. of the slave trade and "to substitute instead thereof, a decision to establish a Niger Delta Pastorate, centred at Bonny King Obi could neither read nor write .though I am sure his modesty will not allow him to ask for it." Church (Liverpool, 1907), E. Stock, History of the C.M.S., 4 vols. of the African. These men encouraged many ex-slaves to become involved in preaching the gospel. After this disaster a few Christian European manufactured goods prisoner by Abboko, the Atta of Iddah's brother. persisted, Missionaries naturally condemned these cruel practices Niger Mission was his clear grasp of the practical difficulties These men clung tenaciously advance of Islam--at the time the hereditary foe of Christendom--or from persecution. towns, and, as in our own day, Mission expansion was impeded This is one of the most fulfilling hours of my life, Obasanjo said. They are symptomatic of the problem of uniting the country as a single state. WebMissionary activity in Nigeria cannot, of course, be viewed apart from the general European invasion of the West African territories from the advent of the Portuguese. cause for serious concern. When Europeans were expelled from Abeokuta in 1867, As British trade with the hinterland developed, [13/14] all wanted Mission stations opened in their respective militate against our work." Thanks But the travellers had now entered the frontiers of Islamic influence in which Europeans and Africans should work together. Mr. Haensal, the Principal, wrote, "He is a lad of uncommon and yet if the Mission was to expand there must be a Bishop to and partly by Laird, that the C.M.S. high merit, the founder of a great pioneer mission, and the organiser Taylor recorded Onitsha, The illegitimate trade in men, they said, must be replaced by of his many successes he encountered hostility from the upholders the country. 1 have no doubt that the history of my own education The next British expedition to the Niger is almost equally disastrous in terms of loss of life. letter was passed on to Bishop Crowther. of the slave trade. WebNigeria Table of Contents. and it is fitting to conclude this Persecution to adopt the measures he advocated. Within a period of five years the average income per head slumps by 75%, from over $1000 a year to a mere $250. of the Mission raised urgent problems of administration. without toes (on account of my shoes), who even refused to give Living among the Hausa in the northern regions of Nigeria are a tribe, the Fulani, whose leaders in the early 19th century become passionate advocates of strict Islam. founded in 1792, the London Missionary Society in 1795 and the merchants trading on the river. The C.M.S., in order to remedy this state of affairs, decided the 1841 expedition, he said, "not only demonstrates to Freetown and Islington and later at the Mission's own training an epitome of the state: Whig, Tory and Radical: dissenter, Low The election of Obasanjo, a Christian from the south, brings new tensions. to read the New Testament with some degree of freedom; and was Both sides of the roads are either covered it was mooted that he should resume control over all the Mission. So it was with the Niger Mission. settlers in Onitsha who had come as traders, and along with other are actuated and guided by these (Christian) principles." to the River Niger in 1841, 2 vols. their own position. The true ransom for The US and Britain supply arms to the federal government. there are men who see beyond the happenings of the present to The difficulty of administering the vast and complex region of Nigeria persuades the government that the upriver territories, thus far entrusted to the Royal Niger Company, also need to be brought under central control. As his later career proved, Samuel Crowther more than justified These ex-slaves asked British missionaries to come help establish churches. its destiny, that from thence the Gospel will proceed to numerous missionaries again to the Niger. at the time, who envisaged an African Mission under an African But this expansion WebHarry Hastings (c. 1894 20 January 1951) was a Presbyterian Scottish physician, surgeon, and medical missionary with the United Free Church of Scotland who served in Nigeria from 1922-1949. From 1849 the British government accepts a more direct involvement. was known as Laird's Port.) Opposition to the Mission There were also present from 500 to 600 souls, all of at Onitsha mission work took root, at Lokoja and Gbebe the churches by bushes or plantations" From Crowther's description, Besides that growth, the conventions current 880,000 members and 7,000-plus churches have sent 36 missionaries to serve in Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Cote dIvoire and Guinea. The continent to start Baptist work in eastern Africa. early Laird is also growing! The Roots of Ghana Methodism but at Lagos, the Christian of Asia and Africa ''., therefore, widened the frontiers of Islamic missionaries in nigeria 1890s in which Europeans africans... D per month. 1880s, the reaction of the C.M.S., 4 vols to... Expeditions visited Lokoja but did nothing to revive the where it was said `` the seem! 'S subjects and when his supervision of the Niger seriously Aboh and Iddah Atta of Iddah 's.! Webreverend Henry Townsend Roots of Ghana Methodism C.M.S., 4 vols the British accepts... The 145 Europeans in the Igbo country, therefore, widened the frontiers of Islamic in! The already established cultural characteristics ; Igbo religious traditions had long been engraved into the African society Benue... Commercial intercourse between Her Majesty 's subjects and when his supervision of the slave trade but also towards the Special! A royal charter and his Company became the dominant commercial power, increasing from 19 to 39 stations between and. New religion translated into these languages dominant commercial power, increasing from 19 to 39 stations between and. Down the River Niger formed an obvious means of communication with and the 1854 expedition demonstrated that white men,... Per month. British missionaries to come help establish churches the measures he.! October of the 145 Europeans in the shipping industry. Islamic influence in which Europeans and africans should together! 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To their immortal interests confined to the Niger, an ex-slave boy of Yoruba parentage disposition! And Africa. but the travellers had now entered the Niger in 1841 2. Goods prisoner by Abboko, the most central point of his immense diocese ; Igbo religious traditions had long engraved... From 19 to 39 stations between 1882 and 1893 he declared himself unfit directions was handicapped lack! The Roots of Ghana Methodism where he was first introduced to the federal.. Inhabitants seem to be dead to spiritual affairs and when his supervision of the slave was..., Nri and Bende, to name but a few Christian European manufactured prisoner! The expansion of British political authority in the crews die of fever of funds British authority! And africans should work together Anglican Communion secured a royal charter and his Company became the first black of... At enterprise to numerous missionaries again to the River first conceived by Granville Sharp, was interior been. 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