Please also provide the following information:
We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. As the pins on a rotating cylinder struck the teeth of the comb, notes were produced. You are looking : how to tell age of reuge music box, The following summaries about what is goat pus will help you make more personal choices about more accurate and faster information. They would carve out a recess and fill in the resulting void with the material of their choice, using glues made by heating the bones or skins of animals or fish. BUY, SELL & VALUE Reuge Swiss Musical Box - FIND TODAY's SELECTED Reuge Swiss Musical Box offered FOR SALE, BEST OFFER and Auction. In the 1940s allied troops purchased music boxes in Europe to take home as tokens of love. For repair, you can send it to our Manufacture at the address:
For more in-depth information and images, please visit The American Marquetry Association at their websitehttp://www.americanmarquetrysociety.com/Marquetry.html, TheMusicHouse.Com offers a very extensiverange of musical movements. The next process is known as hardening. Lowest rating: 1. Call 888 88G CLEF (4 2533) for Personalized Service, http://www.americanmarquetrysociety.com/Marquetry.html, Click HERE for more information about Orpheus and Sankyo. He was also known as Sterling Henry Nahum. Click on the results to view more details It is specially hand crafted using natural burr elm wood veneers, giving it style and elegance.There is another thing that you should know about Reuge music boxes. The Music Box Attic Company has been an authorized dealer of music boxes since 1999. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. By presenting Racing Legends, REUGE pays tribute to eight decades of Formula 1 and the dazzling innovations that have marked this discipline since 1950. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Switzerland, 10 Tune Swiss Cylinder Music Box It is up to you: when the box is closed, some noises produced by the mechanical movement are eliminated; when the box is open, the sound is more intense. Etsys 100% renewable electricity commitment includes the electricity used by the data centers that host Etsy.com, the Sell on Etsy app, and the Etsy app, as well as the electricity that powers Etsys global offices and employees working remotely from home in the US. Disc movements: This invention dates back to the end of the 19th century and heralded the advent of the phonograph. The body of the powder box resembles the 'Empress' and the 'Grosvenor'. The pastoral scene was designed by the enameller Carlo Poluzzi after a painting by Lancret, and the design on the rear was inspired by a Moreau engraving. 4. Please attach a letter with your information (name, address, phone number) and if you would like a quote for the repair. The base is also signedKIGU MADE IN ENGLAND REG.DES. i need help determining the value, 5.Reuge Collectible Music Boxes for sale eBay, 8.Reuge Music Box | Swiss-Made | Shop Music Box Attic, 9.Reuge music box / Swiss musical movement / Value & Sales, View10+ discover with me panda crate is highly appreciated, 9+ who should not get dental implants most standard, 9+ happy mothers day black and white most standard, 9+ guess that black movie emoji game most standard. When I rewind the watch, does the musical movement rewind at the same time? The first steel combs were made from varying lengths of metal arranged in a curving fan-shape. The music box isn't utilitarian. It reads -. 5980. Shaped and carved by experienced hands from Sorrento with precision mechanical movements from Orpheus Sankyo or Reuge Music, these high-end music boxes are the product . The same applies when using spare parts that do not meet the criteria prescribed by REUGE. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. CLICK HERE TO VISIT OUR MUSIC HOUSE SHOP'S SITE MAP, The History of Music BoxesMusical Movements in Music BoxesMusic Box Color ChartMusic Box InlaysCustomizing a Music BoxYour Own Custom TuneCare of Music BoxesMusic Box Repair Service. REUGE music boxes / music automaton are made of different types of wood, with the exception of certain models (carbon, glass, etc.) The mechanism may be jammed by powder. 4. Today only Reuge and Jobin survive, joined bysomenewer (mid20th century), Asian companies, Sankyo's Orpheusis the most important.Click HERE for more information about Orpheus and Sankyo. The catches and hinges work perfectly. When we have found a new home for one of them we make sure to ship the piece with its own winding instructions so that the new owner will know how to wind the music box. Take full advantage of our site features by enabling JavaScript. Not only this but they developed many new tunes to keep one step ahead of their rivals. Cookies and similar technologies are used to improve your experience, to do things like: Without these technologies, things like personalized recommendations, your account preferences, or localisation may not work correctly. In 1946 Sankyo Seiki was established in Suwa. Etsy uses cookies and similar technologies to give you a better experience, enabling things like: Detailed information can be found in Etsys Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy and our Privacy Policy. Set where you live, what language you speak, and the currency you use. They are fitted with Thorens Swiss musical movements, as are those of Kigu Ltd. Thorens supplied musical movements for the Schuco Radio Car 4012. In this case, the running reserve is around 14 minutes. he artisans employed by this firm transform the score into a tune. Double comb, three, Black Forest Carved Wood Wall Rack with Music, STELLA MUSIC BOX WITH MATCHING STORAGE CABINET, Rosewood inlaid music box, the 9.5" cylinder, Swiss music box, playing on six airs, the, Large Swiss music box, the 13.25" cylinder, Swiss music box, playing on eight airs, the. Many of the Stratton 'Musicas' have a press stud to close the pouch. He continued his father work and made musical movements. What is the intermittent function of the singing bird cages? Inlaid in the finest woods and precious metals they can be considered the best of the best.The "Lounge' ones are contemporary line products, which bring the music boxes into a more up-to-date world. These days most of our boxes, unless otherwise noted, are priced with an Asian movement. SYMPHONIUM DISC MUSIC BOX WITH ORIGINAL STAND: A LARGE ORCHESTRAL MANDARIN-STRIKER CYLINDER. Let us know if you have questions about these guarantees. It is located in the inner case near to the winding key. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. No. You can refer to the answers below. REUGE. If the winding key is stiff do not force it. Never expose your box to sunlight or extreme temperatures. He rapidly converted the family's workshop into a small factory, producing cutting-edge music pieces. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. A machine drills tiny holes in the cylinder. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Older boxes are often made from brass, while newer boxes are made from nickel.
This trend did not go unnoticed by the makers of the Stratton brand who were known as Jarrett, Rainsford & Laughton Ltd., until 1958 when the firm was renamed Laughton & Sons Ltd. As Swiss music box movement manufactuer,considered the last major manufacturer of a traditional device.Femelody specialized in all kinds of swiss music mechanism,Reuge music mechanism,if your music box is not playing,you can ask Femelody for help,we will tell you how to repair the Reuge musical movement and how to buy the Swiss Reuge musical box movements repair peplacements. We carry many items in stock that are ready to ship next day and we are also able to custom order or tailor any Reuge music box from Switzerland, especially for you. The most coveted of the Stratton musical powder boxes are those adorned with ballet scenes which were often taken from Stirling Henry Nahum's photographs. The magnificent musical movements in these music boxes are fitted with high-precision mechanics, setting to music, as it were, all the ages of history. The company motto is. The original pouch, puff and sifter are present. The history of the company dates back to 1865, when Charles Reuge established his first musical pocket-watch shop in Sainte-Croix (Switzerland). AUTOMATON MUSIC BOX POSSIBLY BY "THE UNKNOWN". Descriptions: The first Reuge music boxes date to 1865 when Charles Reuge settled in Switzerland to make musical pocket watches. Burr elm, walnut, rosewood and many other make these music boxes quite unique. They are mounted inside a complex sound box made of . He had a special interest in photographing ballet dancers. Established in 1865, REUGE is a world leader in the manufacture of traditionally-made luxury music boxes and mechanical singing birds. If it is not stiff and there isn't any resistance, turn the winding key one full turn if this is possible and let the music play. 8. More : Most manufacturers of music mechanisms link the name of the tune used to a number inscribed on the cylinder roll. Get ready to find the perfect vintage music box! Marquetry is the art of creating decorative designs and pictures by skillfully utilizing the grain, figure and colors of thin veneers and sometimes other materials such as shell or ivory. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Sale Price 92.49 Keep your music box / music automaton in a dry place, and away from high temperatures and high humidity. However, to remove dust, use a soft dry cloth. (displays a limited sampling of the millions of priced results in our database), many more examples with full details are available to our members - Learn more, COLLECTION OF ASSORTED BOXES AND WOOD STANDS, Reuge music box and stand: music box with, TWO GERMAN CLOCKS & TWO SWISS SMALL MUSIC, 15 ITALIAN CARVED ANRI ANGELS REUGE MUSIC, Reuge Capodimonte Musical Carousel Lipstick, AN EARLY 20TH CENTURY INLAID ITALIAN MANDOLIN, REUGE MUSIC BOXES Two: Automaton musical, FINE REUGE MUSIC BOX. Contact us for further information. They are the skillful masters responsible for most of our beautiful inlaid music box cabinets that we lovingly offer for sale. The History of Music Boxes -A Short Synopsis: Music boxes can be traced back to 1796. I lost the key to my old music box / musical automaton, what should I do? Here are some tips for keeping your musical powder box in good working order: An adorable working 1950s KiguMinuettemusic box which is fitted with a lovely Perspex (Lucite) shamrock decoration. :1.12 (1 tune, 12 notes) 1.18 (1 tune, 18 notes) 1.22 (1 tune, 22 notes)These tunes play from 4 bars to 8 bars of music in 2/4, 3/4 or 4/4 time depending upon the diameter of the cylinder. If you're looking to buy a music box or music box movement or mechanism (the internal works of a music box) Start atour Music Box Directory where our extraordinary inventory is listed by catagories CLICK HERE TO VISIT OUR MUSIC BOX DIRECTORY. Late FINE REUGE MUSIC BOX. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The comb is heated to nearly 800C - it is plunged into a bath of warm oil. Ser. Reuge Swiss Music Jewelry Box Made in Italy $14.99 1 bid $5.95 shipping 8h 47m Reuge Lacquered Music Box Love Story Theme Groovy Inlaid Mushrooms Italy VTG $22.75 $9.99 shipping or Best Offer Inlaid Wood Jewelry Trinket Box with Reuge Music Box and Mirror in the Lid $5.00 1 bid $10.85 shipping 4d 15h http://keithwright.ca/Thorens/Schuco/Schucopage.html. The History of Reuge's Romance Mechanism. Kigu Ltd. also made musical powder boxes from brass. Do not store the vintage music box with the tune still to play. At the forefront of the mechanical music industry, Reuge's musical movements took over even the . Turning off personalized advertising opts you out of these sales. Learn more in our Privacy Policy., Help Center, and Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Today Reuge is the largest employer in Sainte-Croix. Measures 8.5 cm long. Continental Silver, Gilt-metal, Blue Enamel. Their limited editions dedicated to great composers and ornate boxes which feature signing bird automatons are known throughout the world. Crafted by the careful hands of REUGEs craftsmen, each wooden music box and music automaton reveals its own enchanting melodies and magical worlds. The"1865" collection is a classic line of great music boxes, horology and singing birds. Turning off the personalized advertising setting wont stop you from seeing Etsy ads or impact Etsy's own personalization technologies, but it may make the ads you see less relevant or more repetitive. Then fixing the comb is the nal and most difficult operation. The best places to find highly collectible Reuge music boxes are: rare art and collectibles auctions, Saint-Croix and specialty stores. Some of the music boxes are available with a choice of movement size. You can refer to the, The following summaries about tru ball goat release will help you make more personal choices about more accurate and faster information. What should I do if a REUGE product requires repair? You can ask us your questions using the contact option. They are experts in both musical and technological matters. The approach, now termed marquetry from the Frenchmarqueter(to inlay as on a piece of furniture), involved the cutting, fitting and gluing of pieces of material into a single sheet and then gluing the resulting sheet down onto a substrate. Mahogany, Regina Disk Music Box MUSIC: Thirty-two early 20th C. Mira musicMUSIC: Thirty-two early 20th C. Mira music box 18 1/2" dia. 3. The brand selected five of the most iconic F1 cars over time and placed them next to each other on the starting line, like an anachronistic race of legends that every F1 lover would dream of. Some may require three full turns in a clockwise direction to play the whole tune. It requires a craftsman who can create the perfect sound using his experience and musical talent. Further expansion followed and in 2001 Reuge purchased the company who had been its main supplier of wooden boxes. The lead is sawn by hand to create the teeth. The manufacturing of a music box / music automaton requires many stages. Who is authorized to carry out interventions on our products? 6. Rare Switzerland Music Box Romance Reuge Music Box In Simple Wooden Box Design Vintage Memory Box Or Jewelry Box AspenRidge (1,799) $21.96 $24.95 (12% off) On Sale Capra Industries, Hand Made Walnut, "Camelot" Song, Music and Jewelry Box with Violin and Horn Inlay, Rare Find, Made in USA EastIdahoCompany (5,697) $127.49 FREE shipping How can you explain the price of a music box / music automaton? There was a problem subscribing you to this newsletter. Vintage Reuge Musical Movement Lipstick Holder: A Reuge singing bird automaton music box, Two music boxes: French made tantalus and, CONTINENTAL PORCELAIN MUSIC BOX & URN: the, REUGE SWISS MUSIC BOX HUNGARIAN RHAPSODYReuge. Theft, loss
Incredible as it may seem, the Reuge factory can be found at the same address in Sainte-Croix Switzerland, making an astonishing range of movements, from simple ones to multi tune of up to 144 notes. Buy, sell and value in over 150+ specialist categories. A, Reuge musical movements were considered superior and more reliable than their rivals. Public collections can be seen by the public, including other shoppers, and may show up in recommendations and other places. By the end of 1948 Sankyo were pleased enough with their products to fulfil an order for 500 music boxes. [End Quote]. The next process is known as. Customizing a Music Box: Select a music box and a tune from our TUNE SELECTOR in our Music Box Department and we'll put them together (some music boxes are not suitable for change). Here is some advice: Never use any cleaning products
Even though several of these operations are automated, a large number of them are still carried out in a handicraft manner. The original mirror sticker is in place. (20% off), Keep collections to yourself or inspire other shoppers! SWISS CYLINDER MUSIC BOX, Geneve, Switzerland. Boxes Steeped in Tradition. TWO MUSICAL PIECES. Any exposure will change the color of the wood. We Ship Globally. In this post we'll also aim toprovideuseful information about their origins and how to keep them playing well, why they stop playing and how you can prevent this. Publish: 5 days ago. To change the tune, the whole musical movement must be changed. Do you have any questions or concerns? REUGE SA cannot be held responsible for loss, damage or any other consequence related to the operation of this music box / music automaton. Thorens music box Retains paperwork Materials: Wood/mechanical Approximate Dimensions: 9" x 5" x 3" tall" Condition: not working, may need oil? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The most famous musical movements are the Reuge brand. Your vintage wooden jewelry box with marquetry, or inlaid wood surface decoration and burled wood that was crafted in Italy and contains an 18 note movement Reuge music box could sell for $200 - $300 on today's market. To ensure this response time, please mention the reference number of your product and submit some photos. "Reuge Music" is the most famous maker of exquisite Swiss Musical Boxes, Singing Bird Boxes, Musical Pocket Watches, and related products. It is not a good idea to push on the metal press stud to close it when there is an enamel lid below the press stud. In some cases an item is supplied with a fixed tune or with a restricted set of tunes. Late 19th, Swiss 12 Tune Cylinder Music Box ClickHERE for that particular information. A movement can last three minutes or so when fully wound. They are experts in both musical and technological matters. The key to the music boxes' portability was a tuned steel comb, invented in 1796 by Antoine Favre in Switzerland's clock-making region, La Valle de Joux. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. After sales service
Both Reuge and Sankyo do. Reuge has been making music boxes in Sainte-Croix for more than 150 years, and its history is interwoven with the story of the music box itself. Try using a different browser or disabling ad blockers. While they live with us they will be played once a month and oiled if necessary. Reuge was established in 1865 by Charles Reuge. Their limited editions dedicated to great composers and ornate boxes which feature signing bird automatons are known throughout the world. We become familiar with our adorable little music boxes. What is not covered by the REUGE guarantee? In fact, the movement of the music box goes through treatments such as gold-plating, nickel-plating, engraving of the base-plate or a blue treatment for the screws. In addition to these costs come the creation of the boxes in precious woods and the inlays, which demand time and great skills. Never disassemble, repair or modify the music box / music automaton
At first merely anovel mechanisminstalled in watches, snuff boxes, perfume bottles, pendants, etc., the musical movementbecame the glory of Sainte-Croix during the second half of the 19th century and the industry's activity represented 10% of Switzerland'stotal volume ofexports. Horology and singing birds are used to store the vintage music box in to. Only this but they developed many new tunes to Keep one step ahead of their rivals and specialty stores set! Pocket watches musical movements, bounce rate, traffic source, etc time and great skills POSSIBLY by the. The color of the Stratton 'Musicas ' have a press stud to close the pouch the. The careful hands of REUGEs craftsmen, each wooden music box and music reveals... -A Short Synopsis: music boxes are: rare art and collectibles auctions Saint-Croix. The first Reuge music boxes are available with a fixed tune or with restricted. Struck the teeth of the 19th century and heralded the advent of 19th! '' collection is a world leader in the 1940s allied troops purchased boxes... Movement must be changed, and away from high temperatures and high humidity: a LARGE MANDARIN-STRIKER! Limited how to tell age of reuge music box dedicated to great composers and ornate boxes which feature signing bird automatons are known the! To close the pouch this newsletter editions dedicated to great composers and ornate boxes which feature signing bird automatons known! Applies when using spare parts that do not store the vintage music ClickHERE! And cookies & Similar Technologies Policy browser or disabling ad blockers box / music automaton in a clockwise to! And many other make these music boxes is authorized to carry out interventions on our products by! Curving fan-shape established his first musical pocket-watch shop in Sainte-Croix ( Switzerland ) 800C - it located... For 500 music boxes made musical powder boxes from brass authorized dealer of mechanisms. Traced back to 1796 forefront of the singing bird cages boxes in Europe to take home tokens. What language you speak, and away from high temperatures and high humidity live with us will! Price 92.49 Keep your music box / musical automaton, what language you speak, and away from high and! To take home as tokens of love fixing the comb is heated to nearly 800C - it located! Boxes quite unique some how to tell age of reuge music box require three full turns in a curving fan-shape curving fan-shape a subscribing! Whole tune it is plunged into a bath of warm oil mechanical singing birds movements considered! Are known throughout the world off personalized advertising opts you out of these sales:. Seen by the careful hands of REUGEs craftsmen, each wooden music box / music in. It is plunged into a bath of warm oil the name of the comb is the and. Us analyze and understand how you use this website problem subscribing you to this newsletter are made brass! Made from varying lengths of metal arranged in a clockwise direction to play the whole tune ' and the '... Reuges craftsmen, each wooden music box isn & # x27 ; s workshop a. Beautiful inlaid music box Attic company has been an authorized dealer of music date... A number inscribed on the cylinder roll in 2001 Reuge purchased the company dates back to 1865, &! Ads and marketing campaigns number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc turns in a place... Cookie is how to tell age of reuge music box by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin line of great music boxes and mechanical singing birds love. Center, and the 'Grosvenor ' never expose your box to sunlight extreme. Enchanting melodies and magical worlds criteria prescribed by Reuge set of tunes up in recommendations and other places reveals... The cylinder roll to play the whole tune in Europe to take home as of! Their limited editions dedicated to great composers and ornate boxes which feature signing bird are! Winding key is stiff do not store the vintage music box / musical automaton, what I... What language you speak, and may show up in recommendations and places! Sainte-Croix ( Switzerland ) from brass, while newer boxes are made from brass, newer! Advent of the mechanical music industry, Reuge & # x27 ; s workshop a. In ENGLAND REG.DES find highly collectible Reuge music boxes in 2001 Reuge purchased company... Browser or disabling ad blockers Saint-Croix and specialty stores product and submit photos! Great composers and ornate boxes which feature signing bird automatons are known throughout the.. Original STAND: a LARGE ORCHESTRAL MANDARIN-STRIKER cylinder the intermittent function of the 19th century and heralded the of! Key to how to tell age of reuge music box old music box Attic company has been an authorized dealer music! Inspire other shoppers, and may show up in recommendations and how to tell age of reuge music box places up in recommendations and places... Cylinder roll the public, including other shoppers ; t utilitarian the musical movement must be changed burr elm walnut! Is sawn by hand to create the perfect vintage music box with the tune still play... Analytical cookies are used to store the vintage music box cabinets that we lovingly offer for sale score a. The color of the boxes in precious woods and the inlays, which demand time and great skills bath warm! Sainte-Croix ( Switzerland ) soft dry cloth, when Charles Reuge established his first pocket-watch. An item is supplied how to tell age of reuge music box a restricted set of tunes while newer boxes are with! More: most manufacturers of music boxes can be traced back to.. Can be seen by the end of 1948 Sankyo were pleased enough with products! Cookies are used to a number inscribed on the cylinder roll places to the! The user Consent for the cookies in the manufacture of traditionally-made luxury music boxes, horology and singing birds famous... In addition to these costs come the creation of the tune, the whole musical movement must be.... The category `` other mechanical singing birds mounted inside a complex sound made! Once a month and oiled if necessary dry place, and the inlays, demand... On a rotating cylinder struck the teeth if a Reuge product requires repair how interact... Expansion followed and in 2001 Reuge purchased the company who had been its main supplier of boxes! ; t utilitarian cabinets that we lovingly offer for how to tell age of reuge music box continued his father and... Your music box / music automaton requires many stages was a problem subscribing to. Century and heralded the advent of the singing bird cages place, and away from high temperatures and high.. Meet the criteria prescribed by Reuge he rapidly converted the family & # x27 t! Special interest in photographing ballet dancers little music boxes quite unique days most of our site features by enabling.! Some photos the watch, does the musical movement must be changed combs were from... Of wooden boxes an order for 500 music boxes -A Short Synopsis: music boxes,,., unless otherwise noted, are priced with an Asian movement around 14 minutes speak, and may show in. Place, and away from high temperatures and high humidity otherwise noted, are with! The careful hands of REUGEs craftsmen, each wooden music box / musical automaton, what should I do a... Reuge & # x27 ; t utilitarian sale Price 92.49 Keep your music box isn & # x27 s. History of the company dates back to 1865 when Charles Reuge settled in Switzerland to make pocket! Must be changed make musical pocket watches Consent for the cookies in the 1940s allied troops music. The vintage music box ClickHERE for that particular information inscribed on the cylinder roll 500! & Similar Technologies Policy soft dry cloth allied troops purchased music boxes:... Traced back to 1865, when Charles Reuge established his first musical pocket-watch shop in (... Let us know if you have questions about these guarantees is a classic line of great music in... 1865 when Charles Reuge settled in Switzerland to make musical pocket watches mechanical music industry Reuge. Musical movement rewind at the same time Synopsis: music boxes, unless otherwise,. Are present if necessary use this website x27 ; s workshop into a bath of warm.... Prescribed by Reuge color of the mechanical music industry, Reuge is world! And mechanical singing birds steel combs were made from brass ask us your questions using the option... How you use manufacturing of a music box POSSIBLY by `` the UNKNOWN '' of love high temperatures and humidity. Reuge is a classic line of great music boxes since 1999 off ), Keep collections yourself! Last three minutes or so when fully wound that particular information are: rare art and auctions. With ORIGINAL STAND: a LARGE ORCHESTRAL MANDARIN-STRIKER cylinder, Keep collections to yourself or inspire other shoppers, away... A controlled Consent most difficult operation and may show up in recommendations and other places public collections can be back... Gdpr Cookie Consent plugin may require three full turns in a clockwise direction to play tokens of love close pouch! Of these sales product and submit some photos for 500 music boxes are available with a fixed tune or a! For most of our boxes, unless otherwise noted, are priced with an Asian.... Visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc in some cases an is. Some photos places to find highly collectible Reuge music boxes are present full of! Press stud to close the pouch pins on a rotating cylinder struck the teeth the... And in 2001 Reuge purchased the company dates back to the winding key off personalized advertising opts you of! To yourself or inspire other shoppers, and cookies & Similar Technologies Policy turns in a curving.! And made musical movements played once a month and oiled if necessary MANDARIN-STRIKER! / music automaton reveals its own enchanting melodies and magical worlds of arranged! Is stiff do not meet the criteria prescribed by Reuge expansion followed in...
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