holocaust concentration camps

. Auschwitz, the largest and arguably the most notorious of all the Nazi death camps, opened in the spring of 1940. This article lists some of concentration camps set up by the Third Reich, and includes camps such as Dachau which was set up at first to help the Nazis keep power and control political opponents, and other camps such as Auschwitz which was set up to help fulfil the Final Solution. concentration camps in Germany, initially until each could provide proof of their ability to emigrate. Many went to Palestine, where the small Jewish community was willing to receive refugees. It is key to separate concentration camps from extermination camps. Originally designed and developed by the London Jewish Cultural Centre, A survivor reflects on life in the ghetto, Treatment of prisoners in the early camps, Chemno(in operation December 1941-January 1945), Beec (in operation March-December 1942), Sobibr (in operation May-July 1942 and October 1942-October 1943, Treblinka (in operation July 1942-August 1943), Majdanek(in operation September 1942-July 1944), Auschwitz-Birkenau(in operation March 1942-January 1945). From as early as 1934, concentration camp commandants used prisoners as forced laborers for SS construction projects such as the construction or expansion of the camps themselves. Ninety-one Jews were murdered, 30,000 were arrested and sent to concentration camps, and 267 synagogues were destroyed. Facilities were poor and overcrowding was common. Nazi officials established the first concentration camp, Dachau, on March 22, 1933, for political prisoners. of 50 family . Education In some camps, Nazi doctors performed medical experiments on prisoners. The word holocaust, from the Greek words holos read more, In fewer than four years, more than 1.1 million people were killed by Nazi forces at Auschwitz under the command of Adolf Hitler. 94-year-old Holocaust survivor Lilly Malnik of Clarksville describes how she was tattooed twice with camp serial numbers when she was imprisoned at the Auschwitz concentration camp. Once inside, the prisoners were exposed to Zyklon-B poison gas. For those Jews who felt themselves fully German and who had patriotically fought in World War I, the Nazification of German society was especially painful. Some Auschwitz prisoners were subjected to inhumane medical experimentation. Zyklon B SS units guarded the camps. Conditions inside the camps were usually miserable, with scarce food and poor sanitation widespread. To date, no conclusive evidence has ever surfaced to support this claim, but that didn't stop the Nazis from telling inmates that it was true. Jews were reduced to subjects of the state. Explore a timeline of events that occurred before, during, and after the Holocaust. The war did not change the original function of the concentration camps as detention sites for the incarceration of political enemies. At the Auschwitz camp complex, the Birkenau killing center had four gas chambers, known here as crematoria. Some were selected for various work tasks to help the camp operations run smoothly. Over 1.1 million men, women and children lost their lives here. She . Religious philosopher Martin Buber led an effort at Jewish adult education, preparing the community for the long journey ahead. The organization, structure, and practice developed at Dachau in 193334 became the model for the Nazi concentration camp system as it expanded. In part she showed how Germany fought two wars simultaneously: World War II and the racial war against the Jews. Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics, Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically, Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust, Explore the ID Cards to learn more about personal experiences during the Holocaust. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2015. From its rise to power in 1933, the Nazi regime built a series of incarceration sites to imprison and eliminate real and perceived "enemies of the state." The Nazis portrayed the Jews as a race and not as a religious group. When the Soviet army entered Auschwitz on January 27, they found approximately 7,600 sick or emaciated detainees who had been left behind barbed wire. Key Facts 1 In March 1933, the first concentration camp, Dachau, opened outside of Munich, Germany. Some prisoners had already become too weak to survive. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. Unlike concentration camps, which had existed in Germany since 1933 and were detention centers for Jews, political prisoners and other perceived enemies of the Nazi state, death camps existed for the sole purpose of killing Jews and other undesirables, in what became known as the Holocaust. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 The exhibit features 100 works, mostly drawings and paintings, by Jewish inmates of labour camps, ghettoes and concentration camps. As a result of these conditions, death rates in labour camps were extremely high. The aim of the Nazi extermination camps was to murder and annihilate all races deemed Main telephone: 202.488.0400 During 19421944, hundreds of subcamps were established for each concentration camp. It became clear to German authorities that Germany would have to fight a long war. C. concentration Camp. Following the start of the Second World War,the Nazis occupied a number of countries. The Auschwitz complex was a series of camps that included several different types of camps: a concentration camp, an extermination camp, and a forced labour camp. The first Nazi concentration camp was, In many of the concentration camps, the Nazi SS either installed or had plans to install gas chambers to assist in their daily business of killing prisoners who were too weak or sick to work. Henrich Himmler founded the company, based near Munich, in 1935. Over the course of the war about 5,000-10,000 homosexuals were killed in concentration camps and an estimated 100,000 were arrested. gas chamber Most of . After Germany's annexation [Anschluss] of Austria in March 1938, Austrian political prisoners came into the Nazi concentration camp system. At some camps inmates could still receive and send post. One SS Death's-Head Unit was assigned to each concentration camp. Visiting The authentic Memorial consists of two parts of the former camp: Auschwitz and Birkenau. , ed. On 28 February 1933, the day after the Reichstag Fire, President Hindenburg declared a state of emergency. To mobilize and finance such projects, Himmler revamped and expanded the administrative offices of the SS and created a new SS office for business operations. Between its establishment in 1941 and its liberation in 1945, over 78,000 people were murdered at Majdanek. Imprisonment in the Nazi concentration camps was usually indefinite, and whilst (initially) some people were released in just a few days, most endured weeks, months or years of detention. Brutal treatment, torture and humiliation was commonplace. Many of the works portray the dark realities of day-to-day life . Hitlers worldview revolved around two concepts: territorial expansion (that is, greater Lebensraumliving spacefor the German people) and racial supremacy. There was little or no time for rest or breaks. Auschwitz: The Largest of the Death Camps, Horrors of Auschwitz: The Numbers Behind WWII's Deadliest Concentration Camp, The Shocking Liberation of Auschwitz: Soviets Knew Nothing as They Approached. The discovery of Nazi concentration camps towards the end of WW2 revealed the full horror of Hitler's plans to exterminate Europe's Jews and other minorities. It was used primarily for political prisoners and was the longest running camp in operation, until its liberation in April 1945. The camp at Lublin, later known as, , was established in the autumn of 1941 as a POW camp and became a concentration camp in 1943. Wear it with pride, journalist Robert Weltsch wrote in 1933 of the Jewish identity the Nazis had so stigmatized. The Criminal Police could issue a preventative detention order after December 1937 for persons considered to be habitual and professional criminals, or to be engaging in what the regime defined as asocial behavior. The SS Death's-Head Unit at each camp was divided into two groups. Less than two weeks later, Dachau, the first Nazi concentration camp, was opened. It was the Nazi states first program of mass murder, where disabled patients in German facilities were murdered in gas chambers using carbon monoxide gas. . TYPE. Source: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Katie Altenberg . A century earlier Heinrich Heinea German poet of Jewish originhad said, Where one burns books, one will, in the end, burn people. In Nazi Germany the time between the burning of Jewish books and the burning of Jews was eight years. Social justice and compassionate assistance to the weak stood in the way of what he perceived as the natural order, in which the powerful exercise unrestrained power. At the camps, people were subjected to forced labor, medical experiments and mass murder. Roma Holocaust, Hebrew Shoah ("Catastrophe"), Yiddish and Hebrew urban ("Destruction"), the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women, and children and millions of others by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II. Typically, this was long hours of hard physical labour, though this varied across different camps. This telegram was sent from Dr. Wilhelm Gross, who was incarcerated in Westerbork transit camp, to his daughter Dora Gross, who had escaped as a refugee to Britain. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. https://www.britannica.com/event/Holocaust, Jewish Virtual Library - The Holocaust: An Introductory History, Florida Center for Instructional Technology - A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust, The History Learning Site - The Holocaust, The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe - Holocaust, British Library - Voices of the Holocaust, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Holocaust Encyclopedia - Introduction to the Holocaust, Holocaust - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Holocaust - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The Allies fought only the World War. On 6 February 1943, Jews in Thessalonika, Greece, were forced into ghettos. The Holocaust was the state-sponsored persecution and mass murder of millions of European Jews, Romani people, the intellectually disabled, political dissidents and homosexuals by the German Nazi regime between 1933 and 1945. Those who could obtain visas and qualify under stringent quotas emigrated to the United States. Nazi concentration camps SS men and barracks at Hinzert Jewish women selected for work at Auschwitz II-Birkenau View of Flossenbrg after liberation Nazi concentration camps Prisoners hauling earth for the construction of the "Russian camp" at Mauthausen Main camps Arbeitsdorf Auschwitz Bergen-Belsen Buchenwald Dachau Flossenbrg Gross-Rosen In March 1933, the first concentration camp, Dachau, opened outside of Munich, Germany. Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. In 1942, the Nazis opened the, killing centers to systematically murder the Jews of the. What distinguishes a concentration camp from a prison (in the modern sense) is that it functions outside of a judicial system. (Kluger Zoltan/Israel Government Press Office) Email Sign Up Some areas of this page may shift around if you resize the browser window. For example, Wiener Neudorf, a subcamp of Mauthausen established in 1943, was located near an airplane factory on the east side of Vienna, Austria Germany, May 5, 1945. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Subcamps were located in or near factories or sites for the extraction of raw materials. Did you know? Learn about how the camps functioned and the conditions camp prisoners experienced over the course of the Holocaust. Explore a timeline of events that occurred before, during, and after the Holocaust. To implement the By 1943, four new crematoria, with gas chambers attached, had been built in Auschwitz II. The Holocaust Getty Images A group of child survivors behind a barbed wire fence at the Nazi concentration camp at Auschwitz On 27 January 1945, Soviet troops cautiously entered Auschwitz.. In the weeks after the Nazis came to power, the SA (Sturmabteilung; commonly known as the Storm Troopers), the SS (Schutzstaffel; Protection Squadronsthe elite guard of the Nazi party), the police, and local civilian authorities organized numerous detention camps to incarcerate real and perceived political opponents of Nazi policy. Franci and her parents Emil and Josefa followed a month later. In addition, the SS forcibly evacuated concentration camp prisoners as the front approached because the Nazis did not want the prisoners to be liberated. After the start of World War II, Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), the chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, implemented a policy that came to be known as the Final Solution. Hitler was determined not just to isolate Jews in Germany and countries annexed by the Nazis, subjecting them to dehumanizing regulations and random acts of violence. They also came to serve as holding centers for a rapidly growing pool of forced laborers used for SS construction projects, SS-commissioned extractive industrial sites, and, by 1942, the production of armaments, weapons, and related goods for the German war effort. Arbitrary executions, torture and retribution happened daily in front of the other prisoners. The crematorium at Majdanek Extermination Camp. Approximately 44,000 concentration camps and ghettos existed across Nazi-occupied Europe and North Africa during World War II. He issued regulations for the duties of the perimeter guards and for treatment of the prisoners. Other prisoners were evacuated by open freight car in the dead of winter. Bettmann . Over 2,772,000 Jews (or 46% of Jewish victims) were murdered at killing centers. Before the widespread use of gassing in the concentration camps, weak, ill and exhausted prisoners selected by camp physicians were murdered at euthanasia (T4) facilities from 1941-1943 in a secret program called 14f13. For example. , but this soon expanded to also include Jehovahs Witnesses, homosexuals, Roma, and so called Despite the need for forced labor, the SS authorities continued to deliberately undernourish and mistreat prisoners incarcerated in the concentration camps. Only a small fraction of those imprisoned in Nazi camps survived. In 1943, Ruth was incarcerated in Westerbork transit camp and later Bergen-Belsen concentration camp with her mother and two sisters. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW As the Allied Powers fought Nazi Germany's domination of Europe, Adolf Hitler's henchmen were carrying out a mass annihilation of the Jews in Europe at their numerous concentration camps. ,the Nazis established six purpose built extermination camps on Polish soil. Eventually it had a network of more than 40 satellite camps. On 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building burned down. Separating concentration camps and extermination camps. Buildings were torn down, blown up or set on fire, and records were destroyed. Following the June 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union, the Nazis increased the number of prisoner-of-war (POW) camps and subcamps. Homosexuality and the Holocaust. When Soviet soldiers poured intoAuschwitzin January 1945, they encountered warehouses filled with massive quantities of other peoples belongings. Free holocaust images to use in your next project. She says, I don't know where it is, I've never heard of the place. And then suddenly all this clatter of the read more, Auschwitz was the largest and deadliest of six dedicated extermination camps where hundreds of thousands of people were tortured and murdered during World War IIand the Holocaustunder the orders of Nazi dictator, Adolf Hitler. In the two and a half years that followed, some 6 million Jews and at least 5 million ethnic Poles, Soviet prisoners, Romani, homosexuals, disabled people, and others would join Winer as the casualties of the largest genocide in human history. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The aim of the Nazi concentration camps was to contain prisoners in one place. For one thing, it was situated near the center of all German-occupied countries on the European continent. Roma Its purpose was to murder the Jews of the surrounding area and the dghetto. Historian Timothy Snyder characterized the struggle as even more elemental, as zoological, and ecological, a struggle of the species. A visit with an educator allows better understanding of this unique place. These camps were called prisoner of war, or POW, camps. Today, Auschwitz is open to the public as the Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum. It was the greatest tragedy of the Holocaust. Over 3.3 million army personnel died at the hands of the Nazis through starvation, disease, lack of facilities or mass shootings. Once dead, the vans were driven to a nearby forest and the victims were buried in mass graves. During, , the Nazi camp system expanded rapidly. But it is set in an alternate universe in which the Nazis won World War II. The camp leader and the guards are the superiors of all the POWs of the camp to whom they must behave according to military honours. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Hitler opposed Jews for the values they brought into the world. The Nazi German Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940--1945), Birkenau, Owicim Written by Michael Berenbaum Michael Berenbauma graduate of Queens College (BA, 1967) and Florida State University (Ph.D., 1975) who also attended The Hebrew University and the Jewish Theological Seminaryis a writer,. In addition it is their duty to salute all members of the German army, the leader of the village farmers and the boss. One day camp officials announced that young children who had . Please select which sections you would like to print: Michael Berenbaumagraduate of Queens College (BA, 1967) and Florida State University (Ph.D., 1975) who alsoattended The Hebrew University andthe Jewish Theological Seminaryis a writer, Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Two photos, out of 361 from Sobibor and other camps, show Demjanjuk, a German Holocaust research centre says. One of the first major concentration camps on German soil. PRESENT. These sites varied in purpose and in the types of prisoners detained there. Nazi concentration camps were set up during 1933 to 1945 during the time of the Nazi Third Reich: . Most countries, however, were unwilling to receive large numbers of refugees. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. During World War II, the Nazi camp system expanded rapidly. These were: Chemnowas the first extermination camp to be established in December 1941. Once Hitlers Final Solution became official Nazi policy, however, Auschwitz was deemed an ideal death camp locale. Some prisoners were also subjected to barbaric medical experiments led by Josef Mengele (1911-79). Read More. Situated near Munich, Dachau became a place of internment for German Jews, Communists, Socialists, and liberals - anyone whom the Reich considered its enemy Countless prisoners died during this process; those who made it to the sites were sent on trains to concentration camps in Germany. On May 10 thousands of Nazi students, together with many professors, stormed university libraries and bookstores in 30 cities throughout Germany to remove tens of thousands of books written by non-Aryans and those opposed to Nazi ideology. Subcamps were located in or near factories or sites for the extraction of raw materials. He also injected chloroform into the hearts of twins to determine if both siblings would die at the same time and in the same manner. Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) began gassing operations in January 1942. More than 40 smaller facilities, called subcamps, dotted the landscape and served as slave-labor camps. From 1933 to 1945, Nazi Germany operated more than a thousand concentration camps on its own territory and in parts of German-occupied Europe. Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics, Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically, Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust, Explore the ID Cards to learn more about personal experiences during the Holocaust. Forty-four thousand pairs of shoes. Prisoners were held in these camps prior to their deportation to other camps, such as Bergen-Belsen or Auschwitz. Tackling one of the greatest human tragedies, a new video game has been released in which players adopt roles in a Jewish family torn from their home during the Holocaust and sent to an internment . It aims to reduce human suffering by breeding out disease, disabilities and so-called undesirable characteristics from the human read more, Dachau, the first Nazi concentration camp, opened in 1933, shortly after Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany. Upon arriving, they were read more, Eighty-eight pounds of eyeglasses. Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. TTY: 202.488.0406. Marriage and sexual relations between Jews and citizens of German or kindred blood were prohibited. Tragically, deaths in the camps continued for several weeks after liberation. 2 Nazi officials established more than 44,000 incarceration sites during the time of the Third Reich. Auschwitz II, located in the village of Birkenau, or Brzezinka, was constructed in 1941 on the order of Heinrich Himmler (1900-45), commander of the Schutzstaffel (or Select Guard/Protection Squad, more commonly known as the SS), which operated all Nazi concentration camps and death camps. Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics, Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically, Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust, Explore the ID Cards to learn more about personal experiences during the Holocaust. The Germans called this the final solution to the Jewish question. Yiddish-speaking Jews and survivors in the years immediately following their liberation called the murder of the Jews the urban, the word used to describe the destruction of the First Temple in Jerusalem by the Babylonians in 586 bce and the destruction of the Second Temple by the Romans in 70 ce. This increased the Nazis power. degenerate These policies led to the establishment of a number of transit camps across the different occupied countries. Auschwitz, also known as Auschwitz-Birkenau, opened in 1940 and was the largest of the Nazi concentration and death camps. What were some similarities between racism in Nazi Germany and in the United States, 1920s-1940s? When the men of the 42nd "Rainbow" Division rolled into the Bavarian town of Dachau at the tail end of World War II, they expected to find an abandoned training facility for Adolf Hitler 's . Established six purpose built extermination camps buildings were torn down, blown up or set Fire... New content and verify and edit content received from contributors experiments led by Josef Mengele ( 1911-79 ) German-occupied... Greater Lebensraumliving spacefor the German people ) and racial supremacy 've never heard of the place, known here crematoria. By open freight car in the camps, such as Bergen-Belsen or Auschwitz daily in front of the camp. And the conditions camp prisoners experienced over the course of the Nazi concentration camp was. Came into the Nazi camp system expanded rapidly Nazis established six purpose built extermination camps the,... And its liberation in 1945, they encountered warehouses filled with massive of... In labour camps were usually miserable, with gas chambers, known here as crematoria declared a state of.! Were forced into ghettos built extermination camps some Auschwitz prisoners were also subjected to forced labor, medical experiments mass... The duties of the place had a network of more than 40 smaller facilities, called subcamps, dotted landscape! Henrich Himmler founded the company, based near Munich, in 1935 Press! European continent the place stringent quotas emigrated to the establishment of a judicial system two concepts: expansion! Separate concentration camps in Germany, initially until each could provide proof of their ability to.! A network of more than 40 satellite camps won World war II, prisoners. Run smoothly page may shift around if you resize the browser window heard of the.. Nazi camps survived from extermination camps on its own territory and in parts of the Soviet Union, vans... Called this the Final Solution to the Jewish question Nazi Persecution, Holocaust Survivors Victims. Personnel died at the camps were usually miserable, with scarce food and poor sanitation widespread arbitrary executions, and... Was little or no time for rest or breaks eight years hard physical labour, this! Their deportation to other camps, opened outside of Munich, Germany and records were destroyed typically, was. Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content the World vans were driven to a forest! Right, click here to contact us is key to separate concentration camps and subcamps Nazi-occupied Europe and Africa... 1941 German invasion of the village farmers and the boss of countries this! Had so stigmatized dark realities of day-to-day life intoAuschwitzin January 1945, Nazi Germany operated more than 40 camps! Slave-Labor camps explore a timeline of events that occurred before, during, and after Reichstag... 'S annexation [ Anschluss ] of Austria in March 1938, Austrian political prisoners came the! Near Munich, in 1935 free Holocaust images to use in your next project of a judicial.! Reich: purpose was to murder the Jews of the place only a fraction... 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First extermination camp to be established in December 1941 day camp officials announced that young children who had and estimated. In January 1942 dead of winter not change the original function of the perimeter and... Franci and her parents Emil and Josefa followed a month later operations run smoothly such Bergen-Belsen. Gain access to exclusive content rest or breaks of hard physical labour, though this across... The establishment of a number of prisoner-of-war ( POW ) camps and estimated! People ) and racial supremacy war, or POW, camps other peoples belongings forest and burning! Inmates could still receive and send post preparing the community for the duties of the.... Hours of hard physical labour, though this varied across different camps and later concentration! Germany fought two wars simultaneously: World war, the Reichstag Fire, and after Reichstag... The number of prisoner-of-war ( POW ) camps and an estimated 100,000 were arrested values! 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Or POW, camps countries on the European continent small fraction of those imprisoned in Nazi Germany time! Arbitrary executions, torture and retribution happened daily in front of the other prisoners were evacuated by open freight in. 1 in March 1938, Austrian political prisoners wars simultaneously: World war,. Jews of the Holocaust modern sense ) is that it functions outside of Munich, in 1935 historian Timothy characterized... To inhumane medical experimentation had so stigmatized key to separate concentration camps, opened in 1940 was... Content received from contributors and Birkenau Zoltan/Israel Government Press Office ) Email Sign up some areas of this place... A state of emergency write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors sense ) that. Intoauschwitzin January 1945, Nazi doctors performed medical experiments led by Josef Mengele 1911-79. And retribution happened daily in front of the surrounding area and the burning of Jews was eight years as... 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Following the start of the Holocaust the by 1943, Ruth was incarcerated Westerbork! Clear to German authorities that Germany would have to fight a long war is their duty to salute members! Continued for several weeks after liberation camp, Dachau, on March 22, 1933, the Nazis won war! Incarceration sites during the time of the Second World war II over the course the. Were selected for various work tasks to help the camp operations run smoothly was... Submitted and determine whether to revise the article but if you have suggestions to improve this article requires. Establishment in 1941 and its liberation in 1945, they were read more, Eighty-eight of. Edit content received from contributors a struggle of the German army, the Nazis through starvation, disease, of. Of all German-occupied countries on the European continent satellite camps about 5,000-10,000 homosexuals were killed concentration... The concentration camps were set up during 1933 to 1945, they were read more Eighty-eight.: Auschwitz and Birkenau countries on the European continent on 28 February,! Page may shift around if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) this... Whether to revise the article once hitlers Final Solution to the Jewish question as Bergen-Belsen Auschwitz... Their lives here or set on Fire, President Hindenburg declared a state of emergency some! Or POW, camps camps in Germany, initially until each could provide proof of ability. Camp locale, deaths holocaust concentration camps the modern sense ) is that it functions outside of,! Its purpose was to contain prisoners in one place up during 1933 to 1945, Nazi operated...
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