Even in stories set during the Maccabean period, references to Judas by name were explicitly removed to avoid hero-worship of the Hasmonean line. [67] and Knox Bible.[68]. 2 Samuel. We will be talking about events that happened in the second century, which took place in Judea located in the Syrian empire. They establish a gymnasium, where men socialized in the nude. The author seeks to promote the view that the Hasmoneans were indeed God's new chosen and would-be rulers in line with heroes of the Hebrew Bible. ALEXANDER THE GREAT. In any case, the name later came to be used for Judah's brothers as as a family name, as well as to each of the books of "Maccabee. Second Maccabees includes a different edition of the first seven chapters of 1 Maccabees and was written at a later date, likely in Alexandria, Egypt. Ptolemy IIs court at Alexandria was famed for its learning. But he also wants to show that Gods purpose in permitting persecution is to discipline the Jews in order that he may not take vengeance on us afterwards when our sins have reached their height (6:12-17). The narrative reports that news of the desolation reaches Mattathias and his five sons, a priestly family who live in Modein. In general, its chronology coheres with that of I Maccabees. Given its exactness of dates, places and documents and its enthusiasm for the Jewish cause, 1 Maccabees must have been written by a Palestinian Jew who witnessed the events he describes; the author of 2 Maccabees was more likely an Alexandrian Jew and a Pharisee, given what he has to say about resurrection. The First Book of Macabbees is recognized as Deuterocanonical Scripture by the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. In the year 142 BCE, after more than 500 years of subjugation, the Jews were again masters of their own fate. Maccabees does not mention the involvement of the mercenaries who are mentioned in other accounts, whereas other accounts do not mention the Jewish involvement. Ptolemy, a loyal general of Alexanders, was made satrap of Egypt in 323 when Alexander died, and in 304 he assumed the title of king, annexing Cyprus, Palestine, and the Lebanon. Simon is succeeded by his third son, John Hyrcanus, whose two elder brothers, Mattathias and Judah, had been murdered, together with their father. In 168 BC, he desecrates the Temple by setting up an "abomination of desolation" (establishing rites of pagan observance in the Temple, or sacrificing an unclean animal on the altar in the Holy of Holies). And wherever was found with any a book of the covenant, and if any consented to the law, the kings sentence delivered him to death. Matthew 24:15. Look out for the similarities and differences between the two. (He had previously become king of Greece.) These heroes of the faith will not forsake the One God. Chapter 16. Protestants and Jews regard it as generally reliable historically, but not a part of holy scripture.. And they tore in pieces the books of the law which they found, and set them on fire. 1 and 2 Maccabees are set during the reign of the Seleucid Greek empire (the part of the Greek empire that found its roots in Syria). (He had previously become king of Greece.) The setting of the book is about a century after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, when the country was part of the Greek Seleucid Empire. Origen (cited by Eusebius Eccl Hist vi. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [note 2] All agree that the book was written before 63 BC, as the author shows great admiration toward Rome and does not know of the Roman general Pompey conquering Jerusalem and reducing the Hasmonean kingdom to a client state of the Roman Republic in that year. It is considered one of the most accurate accounts of Jewish history for the period which it covers. THE FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES. Finally, after Matthathias dies, his son Judas succeeds in liberating the Temple precincts and reconsecrating the Temple itself in 165 B.C.E. In 285 he abdicated in favor of his son Ptolemy II, who became involved in a struggle with the Seleucid kings. He also forbids circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures, imposing the death penalty for those who disobey. Alternatively, Maccabee also might have been derived from the battle cry of the revolt, Mi Kamocha B'elim, YHWH ("Who is like you among the heavenly powers, YHWH!! This was a mighty defeat for Egypt. [7][4] He was likely a court historian or equivalent. First Maccabees (written circa 134-104 BCE and describing the period of 166-135 BCE) is devoted to presenting the Maccabean dynasty, from Mattathias through his son Judah, to Jonathan and Simon who became high priests and gained political independence.. First Maccabees was written in Hebrew (though it is only preserved today in Greek) for a Judean audience in a Biblical style that emphasizes . In the first chapter, Alexander the Great conquers the territory of Judea, and is later succeeded by the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes. [11][12], The title "1 Maccabees" is not the original title of the work. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [20], During the Crusades, Pope Urban II and other church leaders used 1 Maccabees 2 to justify the concept of holy war against the Muslim kingdoms controlling the holy city of Jerusalem. [49]He argues that the author was likely an eyewitness to at least some of the battles described given his great accuracy and plausibility in describing terrain and troop movements, and was able to obtain firsthand accounts from others in interviews. However, 1 Maccabees also insists that there were many Jews who sought out or welcomed the introduction of Greek culture. The success of the Jewish campaigns he attributes to Gods protection, but he makes it clear that faithfulness to the Covenant is, as was the case with their forebears, the ground on which Israel must totally rely. That is, about 176 BC. . The two Books of Maccabees contain independent accounts of events (in part identical) that accompanied the attempted suppression of Judaism in Palestine in the second century B.C. Chapter 2. However, we believers CANNOT do evil that good may result. They are Jewish people who do not observe the Law. Gentile forces still hold a fortress in Jerusalem, however, as well as many towns in Judea and Galilee. It is a deuterocanonical work in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox tradition, and apocryphal in Protestant tradition. First Maccabees was written about 100 B.C., in Hebrew, but the original has not come down to us. The 1643 Westminster Confession says that the books "are of no authority in the Church of God, not to be any otherwise approved", for example. [44] For the author, bold military action while living is the proper response to oppression. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. But they did not belong to the family of those men through whom deliverance was given to Israel. From the time of Alexander onward Greek culture spread throughout the Middle East. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Not only the leaders, but also circumcised infants and their mothers are killed as a warning to others. There is one complete loss of a thousand Jews (men, women, and children) to Antiochus when the Jewish defenders refuse to fight on the Sabbath. 1 and 2 Maccabees are set during the reign of the Seleucid Greek empire (the part of the Greek empire that found its roots in Syria). Related to this is the issue that including 1 Maccabees in the canon may have given legitimacy to other texts in the Septuagint that were more problematic for the rabbis. They will not sin in order to save their lives. [29] Jewish historian Uriel Rappaport[he] asserts that "the majority of scholars today accept the authenticity of this document". In 165 BC the Temple is freed and reconsecrated, so that ritual sacrifices may begin again. 2 Maccabees, instead of covering later years, shines a microscope on the first fifteen years of the same period, drawing its own lessons (which I . The books had separate authors. 25) gives testimony to the existence of an original Hebrew text. Shortly before his death, he divides his kingdom among his generals. Aristobulus I, the son of John Hyrcanus, was the first to add the title of king to that of chief priest. VERSE 33. In the Church of England's lectionary of 1922 in the Book of Common Prayer, 1st Maccabees is appointed annually to be read in late summer/early autumn. Hellenization included the construction of gymnasia in Jerusalem. 1 Maccabees 1:54. The rebellion began under the leadership of the Jewish priest Mattathias after Antiochus sought to stamp out Judaism by forbidding all Jewish practices and desecrating the temple (167 bc). After a short introduction the book describes the Jewish uprising against Antiochus, whose persecution led to the desecration of the Temple. 2 He fought many battles, captured fortresses, and put the kings of the earth to death. Probably written about 100 B.C.E., the book was included as scripture in the Greek Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible and later included in Christian scripture until the Protestant Reformation, when the apocrypha of the Old Testament were generally rejected by Protestants. This is a terrible punishment. [35] Simon fortifies Jerusalem (1 Maccabees 13:10) and secures the reoccupation of Joppa (1 Maccabees 13:11), leading the people in peace and prosperity until he is murdered by agents of Ptolemy, son of Abubus, who had been named governor of the region by the Macedonian Greeks. 1 and 2 Maccabees are stories that reflect on oppression and resistance. And they built the city of David with a great and strong wall, with strong towers, and it became to them a citadel. Jonathan's capture in 143 BC, having been double-crossed by Diodotus Tryphon, is recorded in 1 Maccabees 12:48. It gives detailed accounts of the Maccabean revolt led by Judas Maccabeus, as well as the martyrdoms of Eleazar and seven brothers. II Maccabees focuses on the Jews' revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the Syrian general Nicanor in 161 bce by Judas Maccabeus, the hero of the work. Thus 1 Maccabeesas well as the other books of this genrefaced a major political obstacle to their acceptance. VERSE 2. Antiochus was determined to impose hellenic religion and civilization in Palestine as elsewhere, and naturally this was anathema to the Jews, who at this time were quite faithful to the Covenant with Yahweh. 1 Maccabees - Chapter 1. [ a] 2 He had five sons: John, who was called Gaddi; 3 Simon, who was called Thassi; 4 Judas, who was called Maccabeus; 5 Eleazar, who was called Avaran; and Jonathan, who was called . She, having offered God the lives of her sons, then offers herself in sacrifice, giving an example of fortitude and also of that faith in which she had reared her children. VERSE 64. His son, Ptolemy III Euergetes, extended his empire into Persia. he spoke words in subtlety. He claims to have used and condensed a five-volume work by someone called Jason of Cyrene (which no longer exists) and appears to have introduced theological reflections onto the events as he went. Ps 119:89-90). As a part of the revolt, the Temple was freed from . VERSE 52. British and Foreign Bible Society operates in England, Wales, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.We also work with a network of local Bible Societies around the world. Corrections? (Das erste Buch der Maccaber [Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zu Help me reach the world for the Lord Jesus Christ. Luckily, when a skateboard courier called Y.T. In 1 Maccabees, those dissatisfied with the Hasmoneans "hated their nation"[39] as a whole; the Hasmoneans were equated with Judea itself. 1 Maccabees,[note 1] also known as the First Book of Maccabees, First Maccabees, and abbreviated as 1 Macc., is a deuterocanonical book which details the history of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire as well as the founding and earliest history of the independent Hasmonean kingdom. Flavius Josephus, the first century Jewish historian, carries the story forward; only he gives the surname Hasmoneus, which applies to the successors of the early Maccabees up to Aristobulus II. The book draws a sharp contrast between Jews and Gentiles, similar to the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. 2:4), the third son of Mattathias, the hero of the war of Jewish independence against Syria. Chapter 6 reports the last days of Antiochus Epiphanes and the accession of his young son Antiochus V Eupator to the throne. VERSE 60. The rededication of the Jerusalem Temple described in 4:3659 (see 2Mc 10:18) is the origin of the Jewish feast of Hanukkah. his heart was lifted up. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. First Maccabees gives a detailed account of the struggle in Palestine over a period of fifty years, from the time Antiochus IV Epiphanes came to the throne up to the death of Simon, the last of the Maccabee brothers (134 B.C.). hanged their babes about their necks. And he took the silver and the gold and the precious vessels; and he took the hidden treasures which he found. Traditionally the name has come to be extended to the brothers of Judas, his supporters, and even to other Jewish heroes of the period, such as the seven brothers (2Mc 7). Among other effects, this discouraged the Jewish rite of circumcision even further, which had already been officially forbidden; a man's state could not be concealed in the gymnasium, where men trained and socialized in the nude. Check our glossary of terms. Compare 1 Maccabees 10:65. 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book written by a Jewish author and included in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons of the Bible. The Greeks recognize him as high priest, but like Judas, he finds himself caught between competing Greek kings who are engaged in their own civil war for control of the Seleucid Empire. 63 Today they will be exalted, but tomorrow they will not be found, because they will have returned to the dust, and their plans will have perished. This work no longer exists, but is the basis for 2 Maccabees.) He either used or reconstructed primary sources such as letters, poetic accounts, and possibly court histories. And they shed innocent blood on every side of the sanctuary, and defiled the sanctuary. VERSE 34. Antiochus makes Judaism illegal. That is, about 170 BC. When war broke out between these two brothers the Romans intervened, took Jerusalem and brought the monarchy to an end. Ancient manuscripts of the text include the Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Venetus, as well as several scrolls. [This chapter is in Orthodox and Catholic Bibles] Alexander the Great. First Maccabees covers the efforts of the Jewish people to regain their freedom following the desecration of the temple by Antiochus IV Epiphanes. to the death of Simeon the Hasmonean (135 B.C.E.). 20 And now we have . The Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes eventually comes to rule over Syria. The second book overlaps with the first, starting earlier. Jonathan is eventually captured by the Seleucid Greek ruler Diodotus Tryphon. These translations have no copyright restrictions. He shows intimate and detailed geographical knowledge of the Judea, Galilee, and their environs, but is inaccurate in his information about foreign countries. The surviving Greek script has Hebraisms and Hebrew idioms. [19], The book was probably originally written in Hebrew. [41] The book dismisses a defeat suffered by other commanders named Joseph and Azariah as because "they did not listen to Judas and his brothers. VERSE 9. 2He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and put to death the kings of the earth. the hundred and thirty and seventh year. The book covers the whole of the revolt, from 175 to 134 BC, highlighting how the salvation of the Jewish people in this crisis came through Mattathias' family, particularly his sons, Judas Maccabeus, Jonathan Apphus, and Simon Thassi, and Simon's son, John Hyrcanus. (1 Maccabees 2.62-64). More wars involving Judas and his brothers Simon and Jonathan are reported in chapters 5, 6 and 7. Were there any parts of the book that you particularly liked or which inspired you? When we first meet Hiro Protagonist, he delivers pizzas for the mob in L.A.; he's also a brilliant hacker and sword-wielding genius, but his plays-poorly-with-others personality means he needs a day job. It became part of the deuterocanon in early Christianity. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeated[ a] King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. VERSE 25. VERSE 55. 15:11). It describes the refusal of Mattathias to perform pagan religious rites, the ensuing Jewish revolt against Syrian hegemony, the political machinations whereby Demetrius II of Syria granted Judaea its independence, and the election of Simon as both high priest and secular ruler of the Judaean Jews. VERSE 37. VERSE 22. and the table of the show bread, and the cups to pour withal, and the bowls, and the golden censers, and the veil, and the crowns, and the adorning of gold which was on the face of the temple, and he scaled it all off. Pope Damasus I's Council of Rome in 382, if the Gelasian Decree is correctly associated with it, issued a biblical canon identical with the list given at Trent including the two books of Maccabees. Chapter 2 1 1 In those days Mattathias, son of John, son of Simeon, a priest of the family of Joarib, left Jerusalem and settled in Modein. [38] Various passages call back to Biblical passages such as Joshua's conquests or the battle of David and Goliath and equate the Hasmoneans' deeds with the earlier stories. VERSE 12. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeated King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. [27], In chapter 8, Judas seeks an alliance with the Roman Republic, aiming to remove the Greeks. [43] Rather, the author interprets events as God using the military genius of Judas Maccabeus and his brothers as the instrument to achieve the liberation of Judea. ", The Church Father Origen relates that the title of the Hebrew original was Sarbeth Sarbanael, translated either as "the Book of the Prince of the House of Israel" or "the Book of the Dynasty of God's resisters.". Throughout the early Christian period, IV Maccabees was wrongly attributed to Josephus. VERSE 8. Were there any parts of the book that you disliked or which troubled you? Werner Kappler[de] published a critical edition of the Greek text in 1936, an eclectic compilation of the various surviving manuscripts and the best construction of the original text. Chapter 14 also features a long panegyric praising Simon as a worthy leader.[10]. 3 And they laid hands on them, and put them in hold unto the next day: for it was now eventide. The book of Tobit tells the story of Tobit and his family, who are living as exiles from Israel after the Assyrian conquest. [64], The Roman Catholic Lectionary makes use of texts from 1 Maccabees 1 to 6, along with texts from 2 Maccabees 6 and 7, in the weekday readings for the 33rd week in Ordinary Time, in year 1 of the two-year cycle of readings, always in November, and as one of the options available for readings for the dedication of an altar and as one of the suggested readings at a Mass celebrated to honour persecuted Christians.[65]. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Pre-modern translations of the work were made in Latin, Syriac, and Armenian. [30], After the death of Judas and a period of lawlessness,[31] he is succeeded by his brother Jonathan Apphus, whose battles with the Greek general Bacchides are recounted in chapter 9. As we know, those who have left this world and enjoy the beatific vision, in the same act of charity in which they love God, are also praying for their brothers, who are members of the Church like themselves. The historical integrity of the book, which was compiled from official written sources, oral tradition, and eyewitness reporting, is attested to by the absence of almost all of the conventions of the Hellenistic rhetorical school of historiography and by its uncritical use by the later Jewish historian Flavius Josephus. He achieves semi-independence from the Seleucid Empire and gains recognition of his rulership from the Roman Senate in 139. VERSE 16. The book also comes across as dismissive of martyrdom and passive approaches to resistance, seeing such gestures as futile and pointless. VERSE 32. Eusebius, in his book Church History, quotes Origen of Alexandria who says the original title of the work was Sarbth Sarbanael,[note 3] an enigmatic Greek transliteration from a putative Hebrew original title. they chose to die. And at the doors of the houses and in the streets they burned incense. VERSE 24. 62 Do not fear the words of sinners, for their splendour will turn into dung and worms. [44] That said, our knowledge of the Sadducees is scant, so it is difficult to know for sure. That said, the author is still proud of forging alliances with others, citing negotiations with the Roman Republic and Sparta. The first book was written in Hebrew, although what we have is only a Greek translation; the second, written in Greek, shows that the author had a good grasp of Greek rhetoric and the Greek language, which suggests he may have been from Alexandria. The book covers the whole of the revolt, from 175 to 134 B.C.E., emphasizing how the salvation of the Jewish people in this crisis came through the family of a zealous priest named Mattathias, particularly his sons, Judas Maccabeus, Jonathan, and Simon, and his grandson, John Hyrcanus. 504 Pages, 6.12 x 9.25 in, 2 b-w illus. Is in Orthodox and Catholic Churches and Hebrew idioms panegyric praising Simon a! Living is the origin of the work scriptures, imposing the death of Simeon the Hasmonean 135! Put to death and worms originally written in Hebrew, but is the origin of Temple. Action while living is the origin of the deuterocanon in early Christianity his Simon..., whose persecution led to the throne, who are living as exiles Israel... Bc the Temple itself in 165 B.C.E. ) forces still hold a in. The Lord Jesus Christ hold unto the next day: for it was now eventide to regain freedom... 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